1. How to Write a Scientific Report?
Wrea Mohammed

2. IMRAD model Title Contents Introduction Methods Results Discussion
IMRAD is the most outstanding model for the structure of a scientific report.
Title
Abstract or summery
Contents
Introduction
Methods
Results
Discussion
Conclusion
Acknowledgments
References

3. Title • Accurately, and specifically identify the main topic.
The Title should clearly and briefly indicate what the report is about.
A good title should be:
• Accurately, and specifically identify the main topic.
Short and simple
• This should briefly but explicitly describe the purpose of the report. Other details you may include could be your name, the date and for whom the report is written.
Be unambiguous (غامض نةبيَت)
• Be concise (كورت بيَت)

5. Terms of reference
Under this heading you could include a brief explanation of who will read the report (audience) why it was written (purpose) and how it was written (methods). It may be in the form of a subtitle or a single paragraph.

6. Example of terms of reference

7. Summary (Abstract)
The summary should briefly describe the content of the report (no longer than 200 words).
Be unambiguous (غامض نةبيَت)
• Be concise (كورت بيَت)

8. Summary (Abstract)
A good abstract should: • State the principal objectives and scope of the investigation. • Describe the methods employed • Summarize the results • State the principal conclusions
Be unambiguous (غامض نةبيَت)
• Be concise (كورت بيَت)

9. Contents (Table of Contents)
The contents page should list the different chapters and/or headings together with the page numbers.
You may want to number chapter headings and subheadings in addition to providing page references.

11. Introduction
The INTRODUCTION discusses the theoretical background to the investigation and places the present work in context.
Relevant references should be cited and the reader’s attention moved from the general to the specific.
The aims of the present study should be clearly stated at the end of the introduction.
Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) is a comprehensive controlled vocabulary for the purpose of indexing journal articles and books in the life sciences; it serves as a thesaurus that facilitates searching.

12. Introduction Catches and keeps the reader’s interest
From general to specify
Include known, unknown, and the question
The nature and scope of the problem
The gap or general problem
Previous findings
General method statement.
The hypothesis/research question–signal.
Pertinent: متعلق بالموضوع ; retrospective: متعلق بالماضي; hypothesis: فرض, نظرية

13. How was the problem studied? The answer is in the Methods.
Materials and Methods
How was the problem studied? The answer is in the Methods.
Information under this heading may include:
a list of equipment used
Explanations of procedures followed
Relevant information on materials used including sources of materials and details of any necessary preparation
Reference to any problems encountered and subsequent changes in procedure.
Relevant= paywandedar

14. Results
This section should include a summary of the results of the investigation or experiment together with any necessary diagrams, graphs or tables of gathered data that support your results.
Relevant= paywandedar

15. Results Logically answer the research question
Correlate with the methods
Use data from this study only
Present all the representative data
Use tables, graphs, photographs, and drawings for data
Write topic sentences for paragraphs, ie,

16. Discussion Present the principles, relationships, and
What do these findings mean? The answer is in the Discussion.
Present the principles, relationships, and
generalizations shown by the results
Briefly summarize and discuss—don’t repeat—the results
Include a beginning, middle, and end
Discuss other studies only in the context of your
results.

17. Conclusion
In the conclusion you should show the overall significance of what has been covered. You may want to remind the reader of the most important points that have been made in the report or highlight what you consider to be the most central issues or findings.

18. Acknowledgments Include: Intellectual assistance
Technical help, including writing and
data analyses
Outside financial assistance (including
grants, contracts, or fellowships)

19. References
The REFERENCES should be an accurate listing of all the sources referred to. Entries must conform to the conventions of the referencing system used.

20. Referencing Systems Referencing Systems
Numeric System Name & Date System
Vancouver Harvard
The two styles differ mainly in the way references are presented in the running text: in the Vancouver style, references are identified by Arabic numerals; in the Harvard system, references are identified by the name of the author(s) and the year of publication.

21. Numeric System Vancouver: Each reference is indicated by a number e.g.
(It is likely to change, recent evidence (1) suggests......)

22. Name & Date System Harvard:
Author name and publication date are used in the text e.g.
`this would be more acceptable to the main body` (Harris 1994)

23. Referencing Rules
Follow the system that is requested by the publisher!
Do not mix them.

24. Types of Referencing Primary:
A journal article or book that you have read;
Secondary:
Where the author of the book you are reading refers to the work of other authors (cite).
Where possible always use PRIMARY.

25. Primary referencing within the text
Bowling (1997) suggests that promoting…….. OR
Promoting education is seen to be an important area of ……….(Bowling 1997)

26. Ways of using Harvard in the Text
Paraphrase
...some have expressed feelings that relate to failure (Jones 1981, Moore 1988) and the lack of support to overcome this (Evans 1993, Smith et al. 1994)

27. Ways of using Harvard in the Text
If the Author is mentioned in the text then express it as ~
...Carter (1989) suggests....

28. The Reference List (1)
Reid D.R. (1967) Physical Testing of Polymer Films, 5th Ed.,
London, Crome-Helm

29. Author name and initials or name of editor
The Reference List (1)
Author name and initials or name of editor
Reid D.R. (1967) Physical Testing of Polymer Films, 5th Ed.,
London, Crome-Helm

30. The Reference List (1) Author name and initials or name of editor
Reid D.R. (1967) Physical Testing of Polymer Films, 5th Ed.,
London, Crome-Helm
Date of publication of edition used

31. The Reference List (1)
Title of book (in italics) including any subtitles
Author name and initials or name of editor
Reid D.R. (1967) Physical Testing of Polymer Films, 5th Ed.,
London, Crome-Helm
Date of publication of edition used

32. The Reference List (1)
Title of book (in italics) including any subtitles
Current edition ~ ignore reprint dates
Author name and initials or name of editor
Reid D.R. (1967) Physical Testing of Polymer Films, 5th Ed.,
London, Crome-Helm
Date of publication of edition used

33. The Reference List (1)
Title of book (in italics) including any subtitles
Current edition ~ ignore reprint dates
Author name and initials or name of editor
Reid D.R. (1967) Physical Testing of Polymer Films, 5th Ed.,
London, Crome-Helm
Date of publication of edition used
Place of publication

34. The Reference List (Book)
Current edition ~ ignore reprint dates
Title of book (in italics) including any subtitles
Author name and initials or name of editor
Reid D.R. (1967) Physical Testing of Polymer Films, 5th Ed.,
London, Crome-Helm
Date of publication of edition used
Place of publication
Publisher

35. The Reference List (Journal)
Title of Journal (Italics, Bold)
Author name and initials
Title of article
Reid D.R. (1967) Physical Testing of Polymer Films, Science Times
vol.2 (14) pp16-19
Date of publication
Volume number and issue
Page no`s ~ if
only one then only
`p`~ if more than
one then `pp`

36. From the Internet
Very useful sources of information can be found on the internet and they need to be referenced in a special way which must include the website accessed and the access time
Faulconer J. (1998)
(accessed 23 June 2004)

37. Fonts and spacing
Fonts should be a minimum of 12 point and 1.5 line spacing is recommended, unless otherwise specified. Titles and headings may be in a bold font.

38. Useful References http://lcss.glam.ac.uk/lrc/guides/citing/

39. Thank You For Your Kind Attention
THE END
Thank You For Your Kind Attention Q
& A