1. Computer Architecture
review for exam 1

2. Introduction languages, levels, and virtual machines
mechanical, vacuum tubes, transistors, ICs, VLSI
Von Neumann machine
bus
instruction format (opcode + operands)
CPU parts (CU, ALU, regs)

3. Instructions Instruction categories (reg2reg, reg2mem)
Instruction execution steps
Compiled vs. interpreted languages
Families of CPUs/computers
Hardware vs. interpreted instructions
RISC vs. CISC

4. Memory and parallelism
Memory hierarchy
Design principles of modern computers
Parallelism and parallelism types
Instruction level
Pipelines, Superscalar architectures
Processor/core level
Array, Vector, Multiprocessor/multicore, Multicomputer, COWs (cluster of workstations)

5. Binary numbers Bits and bytes Representation Conversion
Conversion between bases 2, 8, and 16
Ranges of values (for a given number of bits)

6. Bitwise operators Unsigned integers &, |, ~, ^, <<, >>
byte, short, int, long or long long
&, |, ~, ^, <<, >>

7. Binary arithmetic + and * in general
representing positive and negative integers:
signed mag
2’s complement
1’s complement
excess bD-1
Addition of positive and negative integers