1. The Atlantic Revolutions
Part II

2. The Haitian revolution, 1791-1804
Triggered by the French Revolution
1791 – French Colony of Saint-Domingue
One of the richest colonies in the world
8,000 plantations
40% of the world’s sugar
50 % of the world’s coffee

3. The People of Saint-Domingue
Most were Black population
500,000 slaves of African ancestry
30,000 free people of color
40,000 white people
Whites were sharply divided between rich and poor

4. French revolution triggers revolt
In 1791 slaves begin a massive revolt
Lasts ten years
Slaves burn 1,000 plantations
Kill whites and mixed race peoples
Toussaint Louverture
Independence, January 1, 1804
Haiti

5. Haitian revolution was unique
Only completely successful slave revolt
Second independent republic in the Americas
First non-European state to throw off Western colonial rule
Confronted elite preferences for lighter skin
Haiti’s plantation system destroyed
Land redistributed
Haiti – a nation of small-scale farmers

6. Spanish American revolutions, 1808-1825
Inspired by Enlightenment ideas
Popular sovereignty, republican government, personal liberty
Triggered by events in France

7. Spanish American revolutions
50 years after North American revolution because…
Colonies governed in a more authoritarian way
Colonists divided by class and race
Whites were vastly outnumbered
1826 – Most of Spain’s colonies were independent
New Latin American states were different
The way in which independence occurred
The kinds of societies independence generated

8. Independence in Latin America
Process took longer because societies were divided by class, race, and region
Violence AMONG colonists
Along lines of class, race, and ideology
In North America colonists directed violence again the British (not at each other)

9. Latin American society
Changed very little with independence
Race and class divisions remained
The elite lived in fear lower class rebellion
Lower classes benefited little
“The imperial state was destroyed in Spanish America, but colonial society was preserved”

10. Modern Latin America Unable to unite Too spread to communicate
Geographic obstacles – mountains, jungles
Distinct regional identities
No “United States of Latin America”

11. Impact of the Atlantic revolutions
All of the following can be connected to the Atlantic revolutions ● British colonial rule in India and the Opium Wars in China. ● Modernization in the Ottoman empire ● Constitutionalism around the world ● Revolutions in 19th century Europe ● Expanding voting rights around the world

12. The movement to abolish slavery
1780 – Slavery was widely practiced and little condemned 1890 – Slavery was little practiced and widely condemned

13. How did it happen? Spread of Enlightenment ideas – natural rights
Religious groups condemned slavery
A “crime in the sight of God.”
Quakers and Protestant evangelicals
Slavery no longer made economic sense
England and New England growing rich using free labor
Out of date and unnecessary in the new era of industrial technology and capitalism

14. How did it happen? Slave rebellions – Haiti and West Indies
1833 – Great Britain abolishes slavery
Abolitionists pressure governments
Use secular, religious, & economic arguments

15. emancipation 1833 – Great Britain
1850s -- Most Latin American countries
The United States - after a bloody civil war
Brazil
Russia ends serfdom
Emancipation did not dramatically improve the economic and political conditions of former slaves
Haiti -- only country to give land to former slaves

16. Africa and the Islamic world
In Africa
Closing of the international slave trade decreased the price of slaves
Increased use of slave labor within Africa
Slaves produced export crops
Europeans colonize to “free” African slaves
In the Islamic World
Slavery remains legal until the 20th century

17. Nationalism
The Atlantic revolutions new prominence to the idea of “the nation.”
Before, states didn’t usually coincide with the culture of a particular people
Great empires and smaller states ruled culturally diverse societies
Few people considered rule by foreigners itself a terrible offense
The most important identities and loyalties were local

18. Nationalism and the Atlantic Revolutions
Independence movements were made in the name of new nations
in both North and South America.
The French Revolution focused on the “French nation”
Napoleon’s conquests stimulated national resistance in parts of Europe

19. From Subjects to citizens
Europeans saw themselves as citizens of a nation
Not subjects of a king or emperor
Bound by ties of blood, culture, and experience
A new and novel form of political loyalty

20. Nationalism and modernization
Modernization facilitated nationalism
Science weakened religion
Urbanization weakened local allegiances
Printing and publishing standardized languages

21. Nationalism inspired . . . Political unification in Germany and Italy
Greeks and Serbs seek independence
Czechs and Hungarians demand autonomy
Poles and Ukrainians demand autonomy
Irish demand “home rule” and separation
Zionism – A Jewish homeland
Imperialism in Africa
Wars in the Americas
World War I

22. Governments act on behalf of the Nation
Instill loyalties in citizens . . .
● schools
● public rituals
● the mass media
● military service

23. Nationalism in Asia In 19th and 20th Centuries In Japan In India
In China