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Chapter 11: The Muscular System
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Homeostasis Contribute by Stabilizing body position Producing movement
Regulating organ volume Moving substances within body Producing heat
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Muscle Attachments Muscles produce movement by pulling on bones
They cross at least 1 joint & attach to at least 2 bones Origin Attachment to stationary bone Usually proximal Insertion Attachment to movable bone Usually distal Belly is fleshy part in between tendons
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Lever Systems Lever is a rigid structure that moves around a fixed point called the fulcrum Bones are levers Joints are the fulcrum Muscles provide the force Levers are acted upon by 2 different forces Effort (E) Causes movement Load or resistance (L) Opposes movement Weight of body part or some resistance that must be overcome
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Figure 11-2 The Three Classes of Levers.
First-class lever. The fulcrum (F) lies between the applied force (AF) and the load (L). L Load F Example: Pry bar AF Fulcrum AF Applied force F L L AF F b Second-class lever. The load (L) lies between the applied force (AF) and the fulcrum (F). Load AF Example: Wheelbarrow AF AF Fulcrum L L F Applied force L F F C Third-class lever. Applied force The applied force (AF) is between the load (L) and the fulcrum (F). Load AF L L AF F AF Biceps brachii muscle Fulcrum L F F Example: Catapult
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Fascicle Arrangement Muscles fibers arranged in bundles called fascicles All fibers are parallel to one another within a fascicle Arrangement of fascicles affects muscle’s power & ROM ROM depends on length of fiber, the longer the greater ROM Power depends on total cross-sectional area so more fibers the more power it can produce
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Figure 11-1 Muscle Types Based on Pattern of Fascicle Organization.
Parallel Muscles Convergent Muscles a Parallel muscle b Parallel muscle with tendinous bands c Wrapping muscle d Convergent muscle (Biceps brachii muscle) (Pectoralis muscles) (Supinator) (Rectus abdominis muscle) Tendon Base of muscle (h) Fascicle (d) Cross section (g) Body (belly) (a) (b) (e) Cross section (c) (f) Pennate Muscles Circular Muscles e Unipennate muscle f Bipennate muscle g Multipennate muscle h Circular muscle (Deltoid muscle) (Orbicularis oris muscle) (Extensor digitorum muscle) (Rectus femoris muscle) Contracted Tendons Extended tendon Relaxed Cross section
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Coordination Among Muscles
Movement usually a result of several muscles acting as a group Prime mover (agonist) Causes desired action Antagonist Yields to prime mover Synergist Stabilizes intermediate joints Prevents unwanted movement Aids prime mover Fixator Stabilizes origin of prime mover
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Table 11-1 Muscle Terminology.
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Figure 11-4a An Overview of the Major Skeletal Muscles.
Axial Muscles Appendicular Muscles Frontal belly of occipitofrontalis Trapezius Tempororparietalis (reflected) Clavicle Temporalis Deltoid Sternum Sternocleidomastoid Pectoralis major Latissimus dorsi Serratus anterior Biceps brachii Rectus abdominis Triceps brachii External oblique Brachialis Pronator teres Brachioradialis Extensor carpi radialis longus Linea alba Extensor carpi radialis brevis Palmaris longus Flexor carpi radialis Flexor digitorum superficialis Flexor retinaculum Flexor carpi ulnaris Gluteus medius Tensor fasciae latae Iliopsoas Pectineus Adductor longus Iliotibial tract Gracilis Sartorius Patella Ractus femoris Vastus lateralis Vastus medialis Tibia Gastrocnemius Fibularis longus Tibialis anterior Soleus Extensor digitorum longus Superior extensor retinaculum Inferior extensor retinaculum Lateral malleolus of fibula Medial malleolus of tibia a Anterior view ATLAS: Plates 1a; 39a–d
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Figure 11-4b An Overview of the Major Skeletal Muscles (continued).
Axial Muscles Appendicular Muscles Occipital belly of occipitofrontalis Sternocleidomastoid Trapezius Deltoid Infraspinatus Teres minor Teres major External oblique Rhomboid major Triceps brachii (long head) Triceps brachii (lateral head) Latissimus dorsi Brachioradialis Extensor carpi radialis longus Anconeus Flexor carpi ulnaris Extensor digitorum Extensor carpi ulnaris Gluteus medius Tensor fasciae latae Gluteus maximus Adductor magnus Semitendinosus Ilotibial tract Semimembranosus Gracilis Biceps femoris Sartorius Plantaris Gastrocnemius Soleus Calcaneal tendon Calcaneus b Posterior view ATLAS: Plates 1b; 40a,b
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Figure 11-5 Muscles of Facial Expression.
Epicranial aponeurosis Temporoparietalis (cut and reflected) Frontal belly of occipitofrontalis Procerus Temporalis Orbicularis oculi Nasalis Occipital belly of occipitofrontalis Levator labii superioris Zygomaticus minor Masseter Levator anguli oris Buccinator Zygomaticus major Sternocleidomastoid Mentalis (cut) Orbicularis oris Trapezius Depressor labii inferioris Depressor anguli oris Omohyoid Platysma (cut and reflected) a Lateral view Epicranial aponeurosis Frontal belly of occipitofrontalis Temporoparietalis (cut and reflected) Corrugator supercilii Temporalis (temporoparietalis removed) Temporalis Orbioularis oculi Procerus Nasalis Levator labii superioris Zygomaticus minor Zygomaticus major Levator anguli oris Orbicularis oris Masseter Risorius Buccinator Platysma Depressor anguli oris Depressor labii inferioris Mentalis (cut) Sternal head of sternocleidomastoid Thyroid cartilage of the larynx Clavicular head of sternocleidomastoid Trapezius Clavicle Platysma (cut and reflected) b Anterior view
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Figure 11-6 Extrinsic Eye Muscles.
Levator palpebrae superioris Levator palpebrae superioris Optic nerve Frontal bone Trochlea (ligamentous sling) Optic nerve Trochlea Extrinsic Eye Muscles Superior oblique Superior rectus Lateral rectus Medial rectus Inferior oblique Inferior rectus Maxilla a Lateral surface, right eye b Medial surface, right eye Trochlear nerve (N IV) Trochlea Superior rectus Trochlea Levator palpebrae superioris Superior oblique Superior rectus Oculomotor nerve (N III) Superior oblique Lateral rectus Medial rectus Lateral rectus Medial rectus Abducens nerve (N VI) Optic nerve (N II) Inferior rectus Inferior oblique Inferior rectus Inferior oblique c Anterior view, right eye d Anterior view, right orbit
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Figure 11-7 Muscles of Mastication.
Superior temporal line Muscles of Mastication Temporalis Lateral pterygoid Masseter Medial pterygoid Cut edge of mandible Capsule of temporomandibular joint a Lateral view. The temporalis muscle passes medial to the zygomatic arch to insert on the coronoid process of the mandible. The masseter inserts on the angle and lateral surface of the mandible. b Lateral view, pterygoid muscles exposed. The location and orientation of the pterygoid muscles are seen after the overlying muscles and a portion of the mandible are removed.
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Figure 11-8 Muscles of the Tongue.
Styloid process Muscles of the Tongue Palatoglossus (cut) Styloglossus Genioglossus Hyoglossus Mandible (cut) Hyoid bone
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Figure 11-9 Muscles of the Pharynx.
Palatal Muscles Tensor veli palatini Levator veli palatini Laryngeal elevators Pharyngeal Constrictors Superior Middle Inferior Esophagus
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Figure 11-10 Muscles of the Anterior Neck.
Genioglossus (cut) Mylohyoid Geniohyoid Mylohyoid (cut and reflected) Mandible Mylohyoid Mandible Geniohyoid Digastric Hyoid bone Stylohyoid Anterior belly b Superior view Hyoid bone Posterior belly Thyrohyoid Sternocleidomastoid (cut) Thyroid cartilage of larynx Omohyoid Sternothyroid Superior belly Inferior belly Sternohyoid Clavicle Sternocleidomastoid Sternocleidomastoid (cut heads) Clavicular head Sternal head Sternum a Anterior view
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Figure 11-11 Muscles of the Vertebral Column.
Erector Spinae, Deep Layer Erector Spinae, Superficial Layer Spienius capitis Semispinalis Group Spinalis, Longissimus, and Iliocostalis Group Semispinalis capitis Semispinalis cervicis Longissimus capitis Semispinalis thoracis Spinalis cervicis Longissimus cervicis Iliocostalis cervicis Iliocostalis thoracis Multifidus Longissimus thoracis Spinalis thoracis Iliocostalis lumborum Intervertebral Muscles, Posterior View Spinal Flexors Quadratus lumborum Rotatores Intertransversarii Flexors of the Anterior Cervical and Thoracic Spine Longus capitis Spinous process of vertebra Thoracodorsal fascia Posterior view Longus colli Interspinales Transverse process of vertebra
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Figure 11-12 Oblique and Rectus Muscles and the Diaphragm.
Rectus abdominis Xiphoid process Costal cartilages External oblique Inferior vena cava External intercostal T10 Scalenes Internal intercostal Central tendon of diaphragm Anterior Middle Esophagus Posterior Serratus anterior Diaphragm a Anterior view, cervical region Thoracic aorta Spinal cord Erector spinae group c Superior view of the diaphragm Rectus abdominis Rectus sheath Serratus anterior Linea alba External oblique Internal intercostal L3 External oblique External intercostal Transversus abdominis Tendinous inscription External oblique (cut) Quadratus lumborum Internal oblique Internal oblique Cut edge of rectus sheath Thoracolumbar fascia Linea alba Rectus abdominis d Transverse section through the abdominal cavity b Anterior view
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Figure 11-13 Muscles of the Pelvic Floor.
Superficial Dissections Deep Dissections UROGENITAL TRIANGLE OF PERINEUM Vagina Urethra Urogenital Diaphragm External urethral sphincter Urogenital Triangle Ischiocavernosus Deep transverse perineal Bulbospongiosus Central tendon of perineum Superficial transverse perineal Pelvic Diaphragm Pubococcygeus Levator ani Anus Iliococcygeus External anal sphincter Gluteus maximus Coccygeus Sacrotuberous ligament a Female ANAL TRIANGLE No differences between deep musculature in female and male UROGENITAL TRIANGLE OF PERINEUM Testis Urethra (connecting segment removed) Urogenital Diaphragm Urogenital Triangle External urethral sphincter Ischiocavernosus Deep transverse perineal Bulbospongiosus Central tendon of perineum Superficial transverse perineal Pelvic Diaphragm Anus Pubococcygeus Levator ani Iliococcygeus Gluteus maximus External anal sphincter Coccygeus Sacrotuberous ligament ANAL TRIANGLE b Male
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Figure 11-14a An Overview of the Appendicular Muscles of the Trunk.
Superficial Dissection Deep Dissection Axial Muscles Axial Muscles Sternocleidomastoid Platysma Appendicular Muscles Appendicular Muscles Trapezius Subclavius Deltoid Deltoid (cut and reflected) Pectoralis major Pectoralis minor Subscapularis Latissimus dorsi Pectoralis major (cut and reflected) Coracobrachialis Biceps brachii Serratus anterior Teres major Serratus anterior Axial Muscles Axial Muscles External intercostal External oblique Internal intercostal Internal oblique (cut) Rectus sheath External oblique (cut and reflected) Rectus abdominis Superficial inguinal ring Transversus abdominis a Anterior view ATLAS: Plates 25; 39b
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Figure 11-14b An Overview of the Appendicular Muscles of the Trunk.
Superficial Dissection Deep Dissection Axial Muscles Axial Muscles Semispinalis capitis Sternocleidomastoid Splenius capitis Appendicular Muscles Appendicular Muscles Trapezius Levator scapulae Deltoid Supraspinatus Infraspinatus Rhomboid minor (cut and reflected) Teres minor Serratus posterior superior Teres major Rhomboid major (cut and reflected) Triceps brachii Serratus anterior Latissimus dorsi (cut and reflected) Latissimus dorsi (right side cut and reflected) Axial Muscles Erector spinae muscle group Thoracolumbar fascia Serratus posterior inferior External oblique Iliac crest Internal oblique b Posterior view ATLAS: Plate 40a,b
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Figure 11-15a Muscles That Position the Pectoral Girdle.
Trapezius Levator scapulae Muscles That Position the Pectoral Girdle Subclavius Pectoralis minor Pectoralis minor (cut) Serratus anterior Pectoralis major (cut and reflected) Internal intercostals Biceps brachii, short head Biceps brachii, long head External intercostals T12 a Anterior view ATLAS: Plates 39a–d; 40a–b
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Figure 11-15b Muscles That Position the Pectoral Girdle.
Superficial Dissection Deep Dissection Muscles That Position the Pectoral Girdle Muscles That Position the Pectoral Girdle Trapezius Levator scapulae Rhomboid minor Rhomboid major Scapula Serratus anterior Triceps brachii T12 vertebra b Posterior view ATLAS: Plates 27b; 40a–b
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Figure 11-16a Muscles That Move the Arm.
Superficial Dissection Deep Dissection Sternum Clavicle Ribs (cut) Muscles That Move the Arm Muscles That Move the Arm Deltoid Subscapularis Pectoralis major Coracobrachialis Teres major Biceps brachii, short head Biceps brachii, long head Vertebra T12 a Anterior view
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Figure 11-16b Muscles That Move the Arm.
Superficial Dissection Deep Dissection Vertebra T1 Muscles That Move the Arm Muscles That Move the Arm Supraspinatus Supraspinatus Deltoid Infraspinatus Latissimus dorsi Teres minor Teres major Thoracolumbar fascia Triceps brachii, long head Triceps brachii, lateral head b Posterior view
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Figure 11-17 Muscles That Move the Forearm and Hand.
Coracoid process of scapula POSTERIOR Lateral head Humerus Coracobrachialis Long head Triceps brachii Muscles That Move the Forearm Medial head ACTION AT THE ELBOW Humerus LATERAL Biceps brachii, short head Vein Biceps brachii, long head Artery Triceps brachii, long head Nerve Triceps brachii, medial head Brachialis Biceps brachii Brachialis ANTERIOR Brachioradialis Medial epicondyle of humerus Pronator teres Muscles That Move the Forearm Muscles That Move the Hand ACTION AT THE HAND ACTION AT THE ELBOW Flexor carpi radialis Triceps brachii, long head Palmaris longus Flexor carpi ulnaris Triceps brachii, lateral head Flexor digitorum superficialis Pronator quadratus Brachioradialis Flexor retinaculum Anconeus Olecranon of ulna b Anterior view, superficial layer Muscles That Move the Hand ACTION AT THE HAND Flexor carpi ulnaris Extensor carpi radialis longus Extensor digitorum ANTERIOR Abductor pollicis longus Flexor carpi radialis Extensor carpi ulnaris Brachioradialis Flexor pollicis longus Ulna Extensor pollicis brevis Palmaris longus Extensor carpi radialis brevis Flexor digitorum superficialis Radius Extensor retinaculum Flexor carpi ulnaris Extensor carpi radialis longus Extensor carpi radialis brevis Flexor digitorum profundus Abductor pollicis longus Ulna Extensor digitorum Extensor carpi ulnaris a Posterior view, superficial layer Extensor digiti minimi Extensor pollicis longus POSTERIOR
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Figure 11-18 Muscles That Move the Hand and Fingers.
Median nerve Muscles That Move the Forearm Tendon of biceps brachii Pronator teres (cut) Brachialis PRONATORS AND SUPINATORS Radius Brachial artery Supinator Flexor carpi ulnaris (retracted) Supinator Brachioradialis (retracted) Muscles That Flex the Fingers and Thumb Pronator teres Cut tendons of flexor digitorum superficialis Flexor digitorum superficialis Ulna Flexor pollicis longus Pronator quadratus Radius Flexor digitorum profundus Pronator quadratus LATERAL MEDIAL Supination a Anterior view, middle layer b Anterior view, deepest layer Anconeus Muscles That Extend the Fingers Supinator Muscles That Move the Thumb Extensor digitorum Extensor pollicis longus Extensor digiti minimi Abductor pollicis longus Abductor pollicis longus Extensor indicis Extensor pollicis brevis Extensor pollicis brevis Tendon of extensor pollicis longus Ulna Radius Tendon of extensor digiti minimi (cut) Tendon of extensor digitorum (cut) MEDIAL LATERAL Pronation c Posterior view, middle layer d Posterior view, deepest layer e Pronation and supination
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Figure 11-19 Intrinsic Muscles of the Hand.
Tendon of flexor digitorum profundus Tendon of flexor digitorum superficialis Synovial sheaths Tendons of flexor digitorum Intrinsic Muscles of the Hand Tendon of flexor pollicis longus Lumbricals Palmar interosseus Intrinsic Muscles of the Thumb First dorsal interosseus Abductor digiti minimi Adductor pollicis Flexor digiti minimi brevis Flexor pollicis brevis Opponens digiti minimi Opponens pollicis Palmaris brevis (cut) Abductor pollicis brevis Flexor retinaculum Tendon of palmaris longus Tendon of flexor carpi ulnaris Tendon of flexor carpi radialis a Right hand, anterior (palmar) view Tendon of extensor indicis Intrinsic Muscles of the Hand Tendons of extensor digitorum First dorsal interosseus Tendon of extensor digiti minimi Abductor digiti minimi Tendon of extensor pollicis longus Tendon of extensor pollicis brevis Tendon of extensor carpi ulnaris Tendon of extensor carpi radialis longus Extensor retinaculum Tendon of extensor carpi radialis brevis b Right hand, posterior view
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Figure 11-20 Muscles That Move the Thigh.
Iliac crest Sacrum Gluteus medius (cut) Gluteal Group Gluteus medius Gluteus maximus (cut) Gluteus maximus Sartorius Gluteus minimus Tensor fasciae latae Rectus femoris Iliotibial tract Obturator internus Vastus lateralis Biceps femoris, long head a Gluteal region, posterior view Biceps femoris, short head Semimembranosus Patella Plantaris Head of fibula Patellar ligament b Lateral view Gluteal Group Iliopsoas Group Gluteus maximus (cut) Gluteus medius (cut) Gluteus minimus Tensor fasciae latae Psoas major Iliacus L5 Lateral Rotator Group Inguinal ligament Piriformis Superior gemellus Adductor Group Obturator internus Pectineus Obturator externus Adductor brevis Inferior gemellus Adductor longus Quadratus femoris Adductor magnus Gracilis Ischial tuberosity Iliotibial tract d Anterior view of the iliopsas and adductor groups c Posterior view, deep muscles
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Figure 11-21 Muscles That Move the Leg.
Iliac crest Anterior superior iliac spine Inguinal ligament Gluteus medius Tensor fasciae latae Iliacus Psoas major Iliopsoas Pubic tubercle Tensor fasciae latae Gluteus maximus Pectineus Adductor longus Gracilis Adductor magnus Sartorius Gracilis Extensors of the Knee (Quadriceps muscles) Iliotibial tract Flexors of the Knee Rectus femoris Biceps femoris, long head Vastus lateralis Biceps femoris, short head Vastus medialis Semitendinosus Semimembranosus Quadriceps tendon Sartorius Patella Popliteus Patellar ligament a Hip and thigh, posterior view b Quadriceps and thigh muscles, anterior view POSTERIOR Flexors of the Knee Sciatic nerve Semitendinosus Femur Semimembranosus Biceps femoris, long head Extensors of the Knee (Quadriceps muscles) Biceps femoris, short head Gracilis Vastus lateralis Vastus intermedius Adductor magnus Vastus medialis Adductor longus Rectus femoris Sartorius ANTERIOR c Sectional view
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Figure 11-22 Extrinsic Muscles That Move the Foot and Toes.
Superficial Dissection Deep Dissection Ankle Extensors Plantaris Head of fibula Gastrocnemius, medial head Gastrocnemius, lateral head Popliteus Ankle Extensors (Deep) Soleus Tibialis posterior Fibularis longus Fibularis brevis Digital Flexors Gastrocnemius (cut and removed) Flexor digitorum longus Flexor hallucis longus Tendon of flexor digitorum longus Calcaneal tendon Tendon of flexor hallucis longus Tendon of fibularis brevis Calcaneus Tendon of fibularis longus a Posterior views Patellar ligament Iliotibial tract Patella Ankle Extensors Head of fibula Patellar ligament Medial surface of tibial shaft Fibularis longus Gastrocnemius, lateral head Ankle Flexors Tibialis anterior Ankle Extensors Fibularis longus Tibialis anterior Gastrocnemius, medial head Tibia Soleus Extensor digitorum longus Soleus Fibularis brevis Digital Extensors Tibialis posterior Extensor hallucis longus Superior extensor retinaculum Extensor digitorum longus Superior extensor retinaculum Calcaneal tendon Tendon of extensor hallucis longus Tendon of extensor digitorum longus Calcaneal tendon Inferior extensor retinaculum Flexor retinaculum Inferior extensor retinaculum Tendon of fibularis tertius Tendon of tibialis anterior b Lateral view c Medial view d Anterior view
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Figure 11-23 Intrinsic Muscles of the Foot.
Tendon of fibularis brevis Superior extensor retinaculum Medial malleolus of tibia Lateral malleolus of fibula Tendon of tibialis anterior Inferior extensor retinaculum Tendon of fibularis tertius Intrinsic Muscles of the Great Toe Tendons of extensor digitorium longus Extensor hallucis brevis Intrinsic Muscles of the Foot Abductor hallucis Dorsal interossei Tendons of extensor digitorum brevis Tendon of extensor hallucis longus a Dorsal view Superficial Muscles of the Sole of the Foot Deep Muscles of the Sole of the Foot Tendons of flexor digitorum brevis Tendons of flexor digitorum longus Intrinsic Muscles of the Foot Fibrous tendon sheaths Tendon of flexor hallucis longus Lumbricals Tendons of flexor digitorum brevis overlying tendons of flexor digitorum longus Flexor hallucis brevis Flexor digiti minimi brevis Abductor hallucis Tendon of flexor digitorum longus Quadratus plantae Flexor digitorum brevis Tendon of tibialis posterior Abductor digiti minimi Tendon of fibularis longus Plantar aponeurosis (cut) Calcaneus b Plantar view, superficial layer c Plantar view, deep layer
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Figure diagrams the functional relationships between the muscular system and the other body systems we have studied so far. SYSTEM INTEGRATOR Body System Muscular System Muscular System Body System Removes excess body heat; synthesizes vitamin D for calcium and phosphate absorption; protects underlying muscles Skeletal muscles pulling on skin of face produce facial expressions Integumentary Integumentary Page 174 Provides mineral reserve for maintaining normal calcium and phosphate levels in body fluids; supports skeletal muscles; provides sites of muscle attachment Provides movement and support; stresses exerted by tendons maintain bone mass; stabilizes bones and joints Skeletal Skeletal Page 285 The MUSCULAR System The muscular system performs six critical functions for the human body. It produces skeletal movement, helps maintain posture and body position, supports soft tissues, guards body entrances and exits, helps maintain body temperature, and stores nutrients. Nervous Page 558 Endocrine Page 647 Cardiovascular Page 776 Lymphatic Page 824 Respiratory Page 874 Digestive Page 929 Urinary Page 1010 Reproductive Page 1090
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Table 11-2 Muscles of Facial Expression.
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Table 11-2 Muscles of Facial Expression (Part 1 of 2).
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Table 11-2 Muscles of Facial Expression (Part 2 of 2).
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Table 11-3 Extrinsic Eye Muscles.
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Table 11-4 Muscles of Mastication.
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Table 11-5 Muscles of the Tongue.
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Table 11-6 Muscles of the Pharynx.
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Table 11-7 Anterior Muscles of the Neck.
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Table 11-8 Muscles of the Vertebral Column
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Table 11-8 Muscles of the Vertebral Column (Part 1 of 2).
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Table 11-8 Muscles of the Vertebral Column (Part 2 of 2).
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Table 11-9 Oblique and Rectus Muscle Groups.
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Table 11-9 Oblique and Rectus Muscle Groups (Part 1 of 2).
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Table 11-9 Oblique and Rectus Muscle Groups (Part 2 of 2).
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Table 11-10 Muscles of the Pelvic Floor.
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Table 11-11 Muscles That Position the Pectoral Girdle.
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Table 11-12 Muscles That Move the Arm.
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Table 11-13 Muscles That Move the Forearm and Hand.
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Table 11-13 Muscles That Move the Forearm and Hand (Part 1 of 2).
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Table 11-13 Muscles That Move the Forearm and Hand (Part 2 of 2).
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Table 11-14 Muscles That Move the Hand and Fingers.
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Table 11-15 Intrinsic Muscles of the Hand.
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Table 11-16 Muscles That Move the Thigh.
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Table 11-16 Muscles That Move the Thigh (Part 1 of 2).
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Table 11-16 Muscles That Move the Thigh (Part 2 of 2).
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Table 11-17 Muscles That Move the Leg.
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Table 11-18 Extrinsic Muscles That Move the Foot and Toes.
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Table 11-18 Extrinsic Muscles That Move the Foot and Toes (Part 1 of 2).
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Table 11-18 Extrinsic Muscles That Move the Foot and Toes (Part 2 of 2).
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Table 11-19 Intrinsic Muscles of the Foot.
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