1. Spatial Models of Urban Land Use
Directions:
North American Urban Models Foldables
Front:
Name of the model and the picture.
Inside Left:
Creator, Year, City Example (if applicable) and date created
Inside Right:
Definition
Major facts about the model
Back:
Critiques of the Model.

2. Spatial Models of Urban Land Use
DISCUSSION:
Which one of these models best reflects the land use patterns where you live?
Concentric – a tree with rings
Sector – a pie
Multiple nuclei – a chocolate chip cookie 2

3. Previous groups move outward to higher-income areas (suburbs)
Concentric Zone Model
1920s (Burgess) – land-use pattern follows concentric rings around city center (CBD)
Newest settlers in city use older housing near city center (migrants to industrial jobs)
Previous groups move outward to higher-income areas (suburbs)
DISCUSSION:
* What evidence do you see for the concept of invasion-and-succession in your city?
* Are there homes that were once the best available that are now lived in by individuals of lesser economic status? 3

4. Previous groups move outward to higher-income areas (suburbs)
Concentric Zone Model
Invasion and Succession: Process by which new immigrants to a city move to and dominate or take over areas or neighborhoods occupied by older immigrant groups.
Newest settlers in city use older housing near city center (migrants to industrial jobs)
Previous groups move outward to higher-income areas (suburbs)
DISCUSSION:
* What evidence do you see for the concept of invasion-and-succession in your city?
* Are there homes that were once the best available that are now lived in by individuals of lesser economic status? 4

5. Based on class and the bid-rent curve.
Concentric Zone Model
Based on class and the bid-rent curve.

6. Concentric Zone Model
Bid-rent

7. Analyzing Urban Models Concentric Zone
Benefits (pros)
Reflects historical movement
Pattern can still be seen today.
All cities have a CBD
Similar to von Thunen.

8. Analyzing Urban Models Concentric Zone
Drawbacks (cons)
Based on Chicago of 1900.
Reflects perception of US cities but not the reality.
Does not exist in its pure form the US.
Upper and Middle classes are moving back into urban center
Too simple.
Over emphasized residential patterns, and does not give credit other land uses.
Assumes there is a strong central city.
Urban growth and development proceeds outward from a single central core.

9. Sector Model
1939 (Hoyt) - Land use = pie-shaped wedges radiating from CBD
High-income areas along fashionable boulevards, waterfronts, or high ground
Industry along river or rails
Low-income near industry
Middle-income between low and high sectors
DISCUSSION:
* How would you design the Sector Model to reflect your town or city's layout? 9

10. Hoyt Sector Model
Based on class. It describes social structure based on transportation systems rather than distance from the CBD.

11. Analyzing Urban Models Sector Model
Benefits (pros)
Patterns still seen today.
More realistic.
Can show ethnic variations.

12. Analyzing Urban Models Sector Model
Drawbacks (cons)
Does not reflect modern cities.
Too simple.
Areas around highways tend to be low rent districts.
Assumes there is a strong central city.
Urban growth and development proceeds outward from a single central core.

13. Multiple-Nuclei Model
Post WW2 - Early days of suburbanization
Downtown CBD not only core of business land use
Other nuclei develop - special retail districts, office parks, light manufacturing in city
Metro areas develop “suburban downtowns” (called “edge cities”)
- Tech Center
DISCUSSION:
* What areas are there other than the CBD which have a heavy concentration of non-residential land uses in this model?
* Where are they located?
* How does the Urban Realms concept differ from the original Multiple Nuclei Model? 13

14. Multiple Nuclei Model

15. Analyzing Urban Models Multiple Nuclei
Benefits (pros)
Takes into account varied factors of decentralization into the structure of the North America city.
Encompasses a larger spectrum of economic and social factors.
Takes ‘car’ into account.

16. Analyzing Urban Models Multiple Nuclei
Drawbacks (cons)
Too simple
Equal weight given to all nodes.

17. Problems with all these models:
Too simple
Do not take into account modern transportation corridors.
Availability of cars not considered.
Outer cities became independent and created suburban downtowns.
Creation of edge cities loosen ties to central city.
American suburbs surpassed central cities in total employment by 1973.

18. More problems…
Urban patterns are shaped by an economic trade-off between the desire to live in a suburban neighborhood appropriate to ones economic status and the need to live relatively close to the CBD for employment opportunities.
Assume only one person in the family is a wage worker. Ignore dual income families and households headed by single women who different considerations (childcare).
All created by men who shared assumptions about how cities operate – thus presented a partial view of urban life.

19. World Models

20. Southeast Asian City (McGee model)
Most major Asian cities developed by European colonizers on ports.
Alien commercial – typically Chinese & Indian

21. The African City (de Blij model)
North African cities Muslim influences. Sub-Saharan major cities developed by European colonizers

22. Islamic Model

23. Urban Realms Model www.csiss.org
Hartshorn and Mueller
1980s
Modeled after cities like Atlanta and Los Angeles
Further metamorphosis of multiple nuclei

24. Galactic City or Edge City Model

25. Urban sprawl – contemporary problem
Low-density “leapfrog” developments beyond urban edge
Lack of coordinated planning between jurisdictions
Consequence of car-dependent urban growth
DISCUSSION:
* Would you prefer to live in the city center or in one of these houses facing the open prairie? Why?

26. Contemporary urban trends
Infill development (opposite of sprawl)
DISCUSSION:
* What are the advantages of "new urbanism"?
* What are the drawbacks to "new urbanism"?

27. Contemporary urban trends
“New Urbanism”
Prospect Town, Longmont
DISCUSSION:
* What are the advantages of "new urbanism"?
* What are the drawbacks to "new urbanism"?

28. Gentrification and Downtown Revitalization
Contemporary urban trends
Gentrification and Downtown Revitalization

29. Urban sprawl – contemporary problem
Low-density “leapfrog” developments beyond urban edge
Lack of coordinated planning between jurisdictions
Consequence of car-dependent urban growth
DISCUSSION:
* Would you prefer to live in the city center or in one of these houses facing the open prairie? Why? 29

30. Gentrification Definition
Words associated w/ but not used in the definition
Definition
Gentrification
A non-example w/ explanation
An example w/ explanation

31. Gentrification and Downtown Revitalization
Contemporary urban trends
Gentrification and Downtown Revitalization