1. Ch. 9: Race Relations- Mexican and Puerto Rican Americans
Facts about Mexican American Latinos from Census 2000
24 million Mexican American Latinos
42% are foreign-born
37% of Mexican Americans are under 18 years of age
31% of Mexican American households contain five or more people

2. U.S. Census Bureau’s Historical Difficulties in Identifying Mexican and Puerto Rican Americans
1930: called them “other”
1940: used Spanish mother tongue
1950, 1960, 1970: used Spanish surnames
1980: special “origin of descent” question

3. A Brief History of Puerto Rican Political Status
1492: claimed by Christopher Columbus for Spain
1508: Juan Poncé de Leon colonized the island and decimated the native population
1898: U.S. invaded and declared it freed from Spanish oppression
1950: developed a commonwealth model of self-governance (associated with U.S.)

4. The collapse of the Puerto Rican sugar industry in the 1950s triggered the beginning of La Migracion, one of the most dramatic voluntary exoduses in world history.
For many years, the continuous shuttle migration prevented an organized community life from fully developing

5. Latino Cultural Issues
Familism = an orientation in which the needs of the family are more important than the needs of the individual
Extended Families = families that include parents, children, grandparents, and other relatives or godparents
Machismo = a Spanish term referring to an attitude of masculine superiority and dominance.

6. Bilingual Education = the use of two languages in teaching subjects other than the use of a foreign language. Transitional bilingual programs teach subject matter in the student’s native language until they can learn in English; partial bilingual programs teach oral skills in both languages, but make only limited use of instruction in the child’s native language; and full bilingual programs aim at maintaining and developing both the minority language and English

7. The Bilingual Education Debate
Anglo-conformists argue that it is the responsibility of the schools to teach English and to promote assimilation by substitution
Pluralists counter that the schools should strive to recognize that children learn best in a language they understand and that to maintain a strong nation, bilingual programs should strive to protect the language and culture of immigrant groups

8. Lau Task Force Remedies = guidelines interpreting the Lau v
Lau Task Force Remedies = guidelines interpreting the Lau v. Nichols decision that recommended bilingual education at the elementary school level for children with limited English skills

9. Characteristics of the Current Hispanic Group in the U.S.
Hispanics are the largest ethnic group in the U.S. and are steadily increasing in number all the time
Concentrated in specific geographical regions
Mexican Americans in the southwest, Puerto Ricans in the northeast, and Cubans in southeast Florida

10. Despite nativist fears, English language mastery is a common goal of Hispanic parents for their children
In 2002 from 26-50% of all Hispanics ages 25 and older had not completed high school
More than one in five Hispanic families lives in poverty.
A higher percentage of Puerto Ricans live in poverty than any other group, whereas Cuban Americans are least likely to live in poverty

13. Mexicans and Puerto Ricans: A Comparison
Compared to Mexican Americans, most Puerto Ricans are less likely to have arrived recently, are better education, and speak better English
Employed Puerto Ricans earn more than employed Mexicans
Many factors account for this pattern including the difference in the number of families headed by females