3. Carbon Compounds and Biomolecules
-Most of the compounds that make up your body contain carbon.
-Carbon containing compounds are often called “organic” compounds.
A trans-fatty acid

4. Pheromones
Pheromones are organic compounds produced by an organism & used to communicate with other organisms.
“Killer” bee attack signal
Moth mating lure
Ants food trail, etc.

5. Carbon Fiber High strength, but very low weight fiber.
Used in sports and military applications

6. Carbon Allotropes
When an element can take on different shapes, functions, or structures because of different bonding arrangements of the atoms, these are called allotropes.
Diamonds, graphite, and nanotubes are all allotropes of carbon.

7. Hydrocarbons are the simplest Organic Molecules
Hydrocarbons are chains of Carbon surrounded by Hydrogen.

8. Hydrocarbons are grouped into 3 classes
Alkanes
Only single bonds connecting the carbon atoms in the chain
Octane
C8H12

9. Hydrocarbons are grouped into 3 classes
2. Alkenes
Contain at least one double bond

10. Hydrocarbons are grouped into 3 classes
3. Alkynes
Contain at least one triple bond

11. Examples
Alkynes

12. Molecular Modeling

13. Different Types of molecular models
Molecules can be modeled in several different ways:
Chemical Formula
Structural Formula
Skeletal Structure
Space-filling Model

14. Propane modeled 5 separate ways
C3H8
propane: chemical formula
propane: space-filling model
propane: skeletal structure

15. Hydrocarbon skeletal structure
Sometimes, in an effort to simplify things, we only show the “skeletal structure” of an organic molecule
Where are the Hydrogen’s???
Butane skeletal structure

16. Hydrocarbon skeletal structure
When you see a naked organic skeleton, the “joints” represent carbon atoms, and the Hydrogen atoms are left out.
Carbon
Octane skeletal structure

17. Hydrocarbon skeletal structure
The “lines” between the joints represent the bonds between the atoms. In this case, they are all single bonds, so this is an alkane
Bonds
Octane skeletal structure

18. Functional Groups

19. Functional Groups
In organic compounds, clusters of atoms called functional groups influence how the molecule acts.
The chemical reactions that a molecule can undergo are often dictated by the functional groups it contains.
There are 6 major functional groups that you need to know:

20. Major Functional Groups
And don’t forget the “methyl” group!

21. Adding a hydroxyl group to a hydrocarbon forms an alcohol

22. Carbonyl Group Review:
C=O group
Carbon atom that is double bonded to an Oxygen atom
Functional properties change depending on where in the molecule the carbonyl group is found…

23. Carbonyl Group Review:H H O H
If a carbonyl functional group lands in the middle of a molecule, it is classified as a ketone.
If a carbonyl functional group lands at the end of a molecule (on the last carbon), it is classified as an aldehyde. H C C C C H H H H

24. Ketone or Aldehyde? H O H H C C C H H H
Ethanal (a.k.a. acetaldehyde) and Propanal are the only Aldehydes (Top right is a ketone!)

25. Isomers & Chirality

26. isomers

27. Isomers of pentane (C5H12)

28. Chiral Isomers
The two isomers are designated “L” or “D” form, from the Latin words for left and right
“levo”= left
“dextro”= right
The “handedness” of the molecule is also known as its “chirality”

29. Homochirality
When all the isomers utilized in a molecule are the same “handedness” they are said to be homochiral.
All proteins and sugars utilized for life are homochiral.

30. Homochirality
All proteins and sugars utilized for life are homochiral.
All amino acids used to build proteins are “L-form”
All sugars are “D-form”

31. Introduction to Hydrocarbon Nomenclature (naming rules)

33. Hydrocarbon general naming formulas CnH2n+2 = alkane CnH2n = alkene CnH2n-2 = alkyne

34. 1) C7H16 ____________ 2) Ethene __________ 3) C4H8 ____________
Try it out: Convert the following…
1) C7H16 ____________
2) Ethene __________
3) C4H8 ____________
4) Octane __________
5) C6H10 ____________
6) Nonane __________

35. Hydrocarbons can form rings
Hydrocarbons can form rings ***Note that the general formula won’t work on rings. You must look at the bond lines***
C5H10
C6H12
C6H6

36. When a hydrocarbon forms a ring, we typically use the term “cyclo” to denote it
Cyclopentane
Cyclohexene

37. Benzene is the most important ring compound