1. Carbon Chemistry Carbon is unusual
Bonds strongly to itself
Forms long chains or rings
Biomolecule – molecule that functions in maintaining and reproducing life
Organic compounds – vast majority of carbon compounds
Exceptions – oxides and carbonates

2. A. Carbon Bonding
When carbon has 4 atoms bound to it these atoms have a tetrahedral shape.

3. A. Carbon Bonding Double bond Triple bond
Sharing of 2 pairs of electrons
Triple bond
Sharing of 3 pairs of electrons

4. B. Alkanes Hydrocarbons – compounds composed of carbon and hydrogen
Saturated – all carbon-carbon bonds are single bonds
Unsaturated – containing carbon-carbon multiple bonds

5. B. Alkanes
Alkanes – saturated hydrocarbons

6. B. Alkanes Normal, straight-chain or unbranched hydrocarbons
Contain strings or chains of carbon atoms
Representations

7. B. Alkanes

8. C. Structural Formulas and Isomerism
Structural isomerism – occurs when 2 molecules have the same atoms but different bonds

9. D. Naming Alkanes
Basic principles:
The name for an alkane is based on Greek root with the suffix –ane.

10. D. Naming Alkanes
Basic principles:
For branched hydrocarbons use the longest continuous chain for the root name.

11. D. Naming Alkanes
Basic principles
Alkanes missing one H atom can have another hydrocarbon attached at the missing H point.

12. D. Naming Alkanes
Basic principles:
Specify the names of substituents by numbering the C atoms starting at the end closest to the branching.

13. D. Naming Alkanes
Basic principles:

14. D. Naming Alkanes
Basic principles:
If a substituent occurs more than once use a prefix to show this.
2,3-dimethylpentane

15. D. Naming Alkanes
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16. E. Petroleum
Hydrocarbons are an energy resource.

17. E. Petroleum
Petroleum – thick, dark liquid composed mostly of hydrocarbon compounds
Natural gas – consists mostly of methane, usually associated with petroleum deposits

18. F. Reactions of Alkanes Combustion – reaction with oxygen
Substitution – one or more H atoms are replaced with different atoms

19. F. Reactions of Alkanes
Dehydrogenation – one or more H atoms are removed and the product is an unsaturated hydrocarbon

20. G. Alkenes and Alkynes
Alkenes – hydrocarbon containing carbon-carbon double bonds
General formula CnH2n
Alkynes – hydrocarbons containing carbon-carbon triple bonds
General formula CnH2n - 2

21. G. Alkenes and Alkynes

22. G. Alkenes and Alkynes
Reactions of Alkenes
Addition reactions – new atoms form single bonds to the carbons formerly involved in a double or triple bond
Hydrogenation – use H2 as the reactant to be added
Halogenation – addition of halogen atoms
Polymerization – joining of many small molecules to form a large molecule

23. H. Aromatic Hydrocarbons
Aromatic hydrocarbons – cyclic unsaturated hydrocarbons with strong aromas

24. H. Aromatic Hydrocarbons
Benzene – simplest aromatic hydrocarbon

25. I. Naming Aromatic Compounds
Monosubstituted benzenes –
use the substituent name as
a prefix of benzene

26. I. Naming Aromatic Compounds
Disubstituted benzenes – use numbers to indicate the position of substituents and the substituent name as a prefix of benzene

27. I. Naming Aromatic Compounds
Complex aromatic molecules

28. J. Functional Groups
Functional group – additional atom or groups of atoms (containing elements in addition to H and C) found on a mostly hydrocarbon molecule

29. K. Alcohols
All alcohols contain the –OH group.

30. K. Alcohols

31. L. Properties and Uses of Alcohols
Methanol
starting material for making acetic acid and many adhesives, fibers and plastics
motor fuel
Ethanol
Fermentation product
Fuel additive used to make gasohol

32. L. Properties and Uses of Alcohols
Other alcohols
Ethylene glycol – automotive antifreeze
Phenol – production of adhesives and plastics

33. M. Aldehydes and Ketones
Carbonyl group – carbon oxygen group found in both aldehydes and ketones
Ketone – carbonyl group is bonded to two carbon atoms

34. M. Aldehydes and Ketones
Aldehyde – carbonyl group always appears on the end of the hydrocarbon chain and has at least one H atom bonded to the carbonyl group

35. M. Aldehydes and Ketones

36. N. Naming Aldehydes and Ketones
Use the parent alkane name.
Remove the e and replace it with al.

37. N. Naming Aldehydes and Ketones
Use the parent alkane name.
Remove the e and replace it with one.
Use a number to indicate the position of the carbonyl group in the hydrocarbon chain.
Select the number so that the carbonyl has the lowest possible number.

38. O. Carboxylic Acids and Esters
Carboxylic acids – contains the carboxyl group
COOH
General formula RCOOH
Weak acids in solution

39. O. Carboxylic Acids and Esters
To name carboxylic acids
Use the parent alkane name.
Remove the e and replace it with oic.

40. O. Carboxylic Acids and Esters

41. O. Carboxylic Acids and Esters
Esters – a carboxylic acid reacts with an alcohol to form an ester and a water molecule
General formula

42. O. Carboxylic Acids and Esters
To name esters
Use the alkyl name from the alcohol followed by the acid name, where the –ic ending is replaced by –ate.
isopropylethanoate

43. P. Polymers
Polymers – large chainlike molecules made from many small molecules called monomers
Simplest polymer – polyethylene
Polyethylene results from addition polymerization.

44. P. Polymers
Condensation polymerization – a small molecule (often water) is released for each addition of a monomer to the polymer chain
Nylon
Copolymer – 2 different types of monomers combine to form the chain