1. Reproduction of Organisms

2. Sexual Reproduction Sexual Reproduction
Type of reproduction in which the genetic material from two different cells combine, producing an offspring

3. Sexual Reproduction Egg Sperm Female sex cell Male sex cell
Forms in ovary
Sperm
Male sex cell
Forms in testis

4. Sexual Reproduction
Fertilization
An egg and sperm cell join together

5. Sexual Reproduction Zygote New cell that forms from fertilization
Goes through cell cycle
Forms two kinds of cells
Body cells
Sex cells

6. Sexual Reproduction
Body Cells
Allow organism to grow
Called diploid

7. Sexual Reproduction Body Cells Have chromosomes that occur in pairs
Homologous chromosomes
Have genes for the same traits arranged in the same order
Different organisms have different numbers of chromosomes
Too many or too few chromosomes causes a zygote to not develop properly

8. Sexual Reproduction Sex Cells Allow organism to reproduce
Called haploid
Have only ONE chromosome from each pair

9. Sexual Reproduction Meiosis Occurs only in formation of sex cells
One diploid cell divides and makes four haploid sex cells
Meiosis ensures that chromosome numbers of a species stay the same

10. Sexual Reproduction Fertilization Egg Sperm Zygote Mitosis MEIOSIS

11. Sexual Reproduction Characteristic Meiosis Mitosis
NUMBER OF CHROMOSOMES
IN PARENT CELL
DIPLOID
TYPE OF PARENT CELL
SEX (REPRODUCTIVE)
BODY
NUMBER OF DIVISIONS
OF NUCLEI
TWO
ONE
NUMBER OF DAUGHTER CELLS
FOUR
IN DAUGHTER CELL
HAPLOID
FUNCTION
FORMS SPERM AND
EGG CELLS
GROWTH
REPAIR

12. Sexual Reproduction

13. Sexual Reproduction

14. Sexual Reproduction

16. Sexual Reproduction Prophase I Nuclear membrane breaks apart
Chromosomes condense and form homologous pairs

17. Sexual Reproduction Metaphase I
Homologous chromosomes line up in the center of the cell
Spindle fibers attach to each chromosome

18. Sexual Reproduction Anaphase I
Homologous chromosomes separate and are pulled to opposite ends of the cell

19. Sexual Reproduction Telophase I
Nuclear membrane forms around each set of chromosomes
The cytoplasm divides, forming two daughter cells

20. Sexual Reproduction
Prophase II
Nuclear membrane breaks apart

21. Sexual Reproduction Metaphase II
Sister chromatids line up along the center of the cell

22. Sexual Reproduction Anaphase II
Sister chromatids of each chromosome begin to separate and are pulled to opposite ends of the cell

23. Sexual Reproduction Telophase II
A nuclear membrane forms around each set of chromatids
The cytoplasm divides

24. Sexual Reproduction Advantages Genetic Variation
Allows for individual differences
May be an advantage if the environment changes
Selective Breeding
Used to develop plants and animals with desirable traits
Disadvantages
Time and energy

25. asexual Reproduction
One parent organism produces offspring without meiosis and fertilization
Advantages
Can rapidly reproduce
Can reproduce without a mate
Disadvantages
Genetically identical offspring—no genetic variation
Harmful mutations passed on

27. asexual Reproduction Fission
Cell division in prokaryotes that forms two genetically identical individuals
EX: E. Coli

28. asexual Reproduction Mitotic cell division
Unicellular eukaryotes reproduce through mitosis and cell division
EX: amoeba

29. asexual Reproduction Budding
A new organism grows by mitosis and cell division on the body of its parent
Bud is genetically identical to parent
EX: hydra

30. asexual Reproduction Animal regeneration Producing new offspring
Offspring are genetically identical
EX: planarian

31. asexual Reproduction Animal regeneration Producing new body parts
Not asexual reproduction
Regenerates lost or damaged body parts
EX: sea star

32. asexual Reproduction Vegetative regeneration
Offspring grow from part pf a plant
Usually involves structures such as roots, stems, and leaves
Offspring are genetically identical
EX: strawberries

33. asexual Reproduction Cloning Performed in a laboratory
Produces identical individuals from a cell or a cluster of cells taken from a multicellular organism

34. asexual Reproduction Plant Cloning Animal Cloning
Uses tissue culture to make plants with desirable traits or without disease
Animal Cloning
Genetic copy of its parent
May save animals from extinction
Concerns about ethical issues