1. Chapter 9: Cellular Reproduction

2. Chapter 9.1: Cellular Growth

3. Ratio of Surface Area to Volume

4. Ratio of Surface Area to Volume
As the cell grows, its volume increases much more rapidly than the surface area.
The cell might have difficulty supplying nutrients and expelling enough waste products.

5. Transport of Substances
Substances move by diffusion or by motor proteins.
Diffusion over large distances is slow and inefficient.
Small cells maintain more efficient transport systems.

6. Cellular Communications
The need for signaling proteins to move throughout the cell also limits cell
Cell size affects the ability of the cell to communicate instructions for cellular functions.

7. The Cell Cycle Cell division prevents the cell from becoming too large
It also is the way the cell reproduces so that you grow and heal certain injuries
Cells reproduce by a cycle of growing and dividing called the cell cycle

8. The Cell Cycle
Interphase is the stage during which the cell grows, carries out cellular functions, and replicates
Mitosis is the stage of the cell cycle during which the cell’s nucleus and nuclear material divide.
Cytokinesis is the method by which a cell’s cytoplasm divides, creating a new cell.

9. The Stages of Interphase
The cell is growing, carrying out normal cell functions, and preparing to replicate DNA.
2. S
The cell copies its DNA in preparation for cell division.
3. G2
The cell prepares for the division of its nucleus.

11. Chapter 9.2: Mitosis and Cytokinesis

12. The Cell Cycle
IPMAT
Interphase
Prophase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase

13. The Stages of Mitosis 1. Prophase The cell’s chromatin tightens
Sister chromatids are attached at the centromere
Spindle fibers form in the cytoplasm
The nuclear envelope seems to disappear
Spindle fibers attach to the sister chromatids

14. The Stages of Mitosis
2. Metaphase
Sister chromatids are pulled along the spindle apparatus toward the center of the cell
They line up in the middle of the cell

15. The Stages of Mitosis 3. Anaphase
The microtubules of the spindle apparatus begin to shorten
The sister chromatids separate
The chromosomes move toward the poles of the cell

16. The Stages of Mitosis 4. Telophase
The chromosomes arrive at the poles and begin to relax
Two new nuclear membranes begin to form and the nucleoli reappear
The spindle apparatus disassembles

17. Cytokinesis
In animal cells, microfilaments constrict, or pinch, the cytoplasm
In plant cells, a new structure, called a cell plate, forms

19. Chapter 9.3: Cell Cycle Regulation

20. Normal Cell Cycle
Different cyclin/CDK combinations signal other activities, including DNA replication, protein synthesis, and nuclear division throughout the cell cycle

21. Quality Control Checkpoints
The cell cycle has built-in checkpoints that monitor the cycle and can stop it if something goes wrong
Spindle checkpoints also have been identified in mitosis

22. Abnormal Cell Cycle: Cancer
Cancer is the uncontrolled growth and division of cells
Cancer cells can kill an organism by crowding out normal cells, resulting in the loss of tissue function

23. Causes of Cancer
The changes that occur in the regulation of cell growth and division of cancer cells are due to mutations
Various environmental factors can affect the occurrence of cancer cells

24. Apoptosis Programmed cell death
Cells going through apoptosis actually shrink and shrivel in a controlled process

25. Stem Cells
Unspecialized cells that can develop into specialized cells when under the right conditions
Two Types:
Adult
Embryonic

26. Embryonic Stem Cells
After fertilization, the resulting mass of cells divides repeatedly until there are about 100–150 cells. These cells have not become specialized

27. Adult Stem Cells
Found in various tissues in the body and might be used to maintain and repair the same kind of tissue
Less controversial because the adult stem cells can be obtained with the consent of their donor