1. Bone and Skeletal Tissue

2. 3 Types of Cartilage: Hyaline
Function: support and flexibility. It makes up:
Articular cartilage, costal cartilage, laryngeal cartilage, tracheal cartilage, nasal cartilage, epiphyseal plate

4. -Makes up the external ear and epiglottis
Elastic
-repeated bending
-Makes up the external ear and epiglottis

6. Fibrocartilage Highly compressible. It makes up:
-discs between the vertebrae, meniscus of the knee, and the pubic symphysis

9. Five functions of bone Support Protection Movement Mineral storage
Blood cell formation = hematopoiesis

10. Hematopoesis Infants have red marrow in the medullary cavity
Adults have red marrow in spongy bone and yellow marrow in medullary cavity

12. Parts of a Bone
Periosteum- a 2 layer membrane around the diaphysis-contains nerves and blood vessels
-The outside periosteum is tough-provides protection
-The inside periosteum is made of osteogenic cells
-osteoblasts- bone germinators (builders)
-osteoclasts- bone crushers

13. Endosteum- inside lining of the marrow cavity. It
also lines all of the canals in bone

14. Type of bone (compact vs spongy)
Compact bone- made of long cylinders called osteons
Supplied with blood by Haversian canals-up & down (vertical)
They are linked by Volkmann’s canals-across (horizontal)

15. Structure of Bone

16. Spongy Bone
-Spongy bone- trabeculae resists stress in adults, it contains marrow (produces blood)

19. Long Bone Longer than they are wide
Diaphysis-shaft; surrounds the medullary cavity. Mostly compact bone
Epiphysis-ends, spongy bone inside, compact bone outside
Joint surface=articular cartilage
Epiphyseal line=growth plate

20. Short Bones
roughly cube like
Ex: wrist, ankle, sesamoid (patella)
Mostly spongy bone, thin compact cover

21. Parallel compact bone surface, spongy bone inside
Flat Bones
flat, thin, curved
Ex: ribs, skull
Parallel compact bone surface, spongy bone inside

22. Irregular Bones -complicated shapes Ex: vertebrae, hip
-Mostly spongy bone that’s enclosed by thin compact bone

23. Bones are made of organic and inorganic components
Organic- -osteoblasts, osteoclasts (cells) -Osteoids: proteoglycans (protein), collagen fibers Inorganic- -hydroxyapatites/mineral salts

24. Calcium Necessary for: Nerve impulses Muscle contractions
Blood coagulation
Secretion of glands
Cell division

25. How calcium’s Obtained
Calcium is obtained in your diet and absorbed in the intestine under the control of vitamin D
Diet should contain: Proteins, Vitamin C, Vitamin A, Vitamin B12, calcium, phosphorus, magnesium and manganese for bone health (makes bones harder, makes calcitonin)
Vitamin D is synthesized in skin

27. High Calcium Levels Change in plasma calcium homeostasis
Detected by thyroid gland secretes calcitonin
Affects osteoblasts in bone tissue osteoblasts build bone by depositing calcium removes calcium from plasma (blood) reduces plasma calcium levels (in blood)

28. Low Calcium Levels A change in plasma calcium homeostasis
Detected by the parathyroid gland secretes Parathyroid Hormone PTH affects osteoclasts in bone tissue osteoclasts break down bone by removing calcium deposits the calcium in the plasma increases plasma calcium levels (in blood)

30. Low vs. High Calcium Levels
Calcium is absorbed from the small intestine under the control of Vitamin D
Low calcium causes failure of many systems
High calcium causes salt deposits in kidneys, blood vessels

31. Osteogenesis-bone creation
Bone is always changing, growing, remodeling and repairing
Wolff’s Law- a bone will remodel in response to demands or forces placed on it
ex: ballet dancer, weight lifter

32. Prenatal to Young Adult

33. Steps in Ossification 1. starts as hyaline cartilage
2. bone replaces cartilage at periosteum
3. bone replaces cartilage at medulla
4. bone replaces cartilage at ends
5. only cartilage remaining is at ends
(articular cartilage) and epiphyseal plate (growth plate)

34. Fractures 2. Compound- broken ends; break through skin
1. Simple- clean; closed break
2. Compound- broken ends; break through skin
3. Comminuted- fragmented (aged)
4. Compression- crushed
5. Depressed- pressed inward (skull)
6. Impacted- ends forced into each other (the result of a fall)
7. Spiral- ragged, twisted (sports)
8. Greenstick- break is incomplete (common in children)

35. Compound and Compressed Fractures

36. Spiral and Depressed Fracture

37. Steps in Repair 1. Hematoma forms
2. Fibrocartilaginous callus formation-splints the broken bone
3. Bony (hard) callus
4. Remodeling-excess bone is broken down by osteoclasts

39. Osteoporosis
Bone loss due to hormonal changes that interfere with calcium deposits in bone that leads to spinal problems and fractures. It occurs at/after menopause

40. Rickets
-Childhood disorder caused by the lack of calcium and vitamin D in the diet. The bones are soft and do not support the weight, so they bend (bowed legs)

41. Caused by the uneven deposits of calcium
Paget’s Disease
Caused by the uneven deposits of calcium C

42. Spina Bifida Birth defect
The bones of the spine (vertebrae) don’t form properly around the spinal cord, so the cord bulges out
It can be mild or severe
Can be prevented by 70% by having enough folic acid in the diet