1. Cell Diversity

2. Definitions
Tissue - group of cells adapted to carry out the same function. E.g. Blood, Xylem
Organ - a group of tissues working together to carry out a function. E.g. heart, seeds
System - a group of organs working together to carry out a function. E.g. Digestive, Circulatory

3. Tissues
Note: Tissues have one cell type
Plant Tissue
Animal Tissue

4. Plant Tissues

5. Plant Tissue
Dermal
Vascular
Ground
Meristematic

6. Dermal Tissue Single layer of cells that surround parts of plant
Function – protection & prevention of water loss
E.g. Epidermis - like skin of plant
Cuticle - waterproof layer on epidermis

7. Vascular Tissue Transportation of Materials / Support Two Types
Xylem - transportation of water
Phloem - transportation of food
Both of these are found within a ‘vascular bundle’

8. Xylem and Phloem

9. Vascular Bundle

10. Ground Tissue Occupies the space between dermal and vascular tissues
Store sugar and starch

11. Meristematic Tissue Used during cell division (mitosis)
Structure: Small, thin walls, no vacuole
Location: Roots, Shoots and Nodes

13. Animal Tissues

14. Types of Animal Tissues
Epithelial
Connective
Muscular
Nervous

15. Epithelial
Covers internal and external surfaces of the body

16. Connective Tissue Joins and supports body structures
Structure: Cells found in matrix
Examples - adipose tissue (stores fat under skin), cartilage, blood

17. Muscular Tissue
Ability to contract
Found in muscles and organs

18. Nervous Tissue Made of neurons
Carry impulses to and from brain and spinal chord (CNS)

19. Tissue Culture

20. Tissue Culture This is the growth of tissue in an artificial medium
In-vitro – growing cells / tissues in an artificial medium (in a test tube).
In-vivo – growing cells / tissues inside an organism
Bioreactor – the apparatus used in tissue culturing & other biotechnological activities.

21. Micro-propagation
The growth of large numbers of plants from very small plant pieces
Specific plant is cut into small pieces
The pieces are grown in lab in medium.
A ‘clump’ of cells called a CALLUS develops
Growing conditions changed
Young plant embryo forms
Seedling develops
Young plant is ‘planted out’ in usual way

22. Micro-Propagation Advantages of micropropagation
Large numbers produced in a short time
Genetically identical (clones) are produced
Inexpensive

23. Organs

24. Organs
A number of tissues working together to carry out the same function
Plant Organs
Leaf - composed of dermal, ground & vascular tissue
Animal Organs
Heart – composed of blood, cardiac muscle & nervous tissue

25. Organ Systems
A number of organs working together to carry out the same function
Plant System
Transport System – xylem & phloem
Animal Systems
Circulatory – heart, blood vessels & blood