1. An Age of Nationalism and Realism, 1850 - 1871
Chapter 22
An Age of Nationalism and Realism,

2. The France of Napoleon III: Louis Napoleon & the 2nd Napoleonic Empire
Not allowed to stand for re-election
Seizes government by force
Restores universal male suffrage and asks that the empire be restored
Assumed the title of Napoleon III, December 2, 1852
Authoritarian government
Economic prosperity
Reconstruction of Paris
Broad streets
Opposition brought about some liberalization

3. Foreign policy: Crimean War
The Ottoman Empire
Disintegration of the Ottoman Empire
Encroachment of the Russian Empire
Loss of territory
The War
Russian demand to protect Christian shrines (Privilege already given to the French)
Ottomans refuse; Russia invades Moldavia and Wallachia
Turks declare war, October 4, 1853
Britain and France declare war on Russia, March 28, 1854
Destroys the Concert of Europe
War ends in March, 1856
Political effects of the war

4. The Crimean War
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5. National Unification: Italy
Kingdom of Savoy
Victor Emmanuel II,
Count Camillo di Cavour ( )
Napoleon III alliance with Piedmont, 1858
War with Austria, 1859
Northern states join Piedmont
Guiseppi Garibaldi ( )
The Red Shirts
Invasion of Kingdom of the Two Sicilies, 1860
Kingdom of Italy, March 17, 1861
Annexation of Venetia, 1866
Annexation of Rome, 1870

6. The Unification of Italy
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7. The Unification of Germany
William I,
Wanted military reforms
Otto von Bismarck ( )
Reorganization of the army
Realpolitik
The Danish War (1864)
Schleswig and Holstein
Joint administration with Austria
Austro-Prussian War (1866)
Austrian defeat at Königgratz, July 3, 1866
North German Confederation
Military agreements with Prussia

8. The Unification of Germany
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9. Franco-Prussian War (1870-1871)
Dispute with France over the throne of Spain
French declaration of war, July 15, 1870
Battle of Sedan, September 2, 1870
Siege of Paris, capitulates January 28, 1871
Southern German states join Northern German Confederation
William I proclaimed Kaiser, January 8, 1871, of the Second German Empire

10. The Austrian Empire: Toward a Dual Monarchy
Ausgleich, Compromise, 1867
Creates a dual monarchy
German and Magyars dominate minorities
Francis Joseph Emperor of Austria/King of Hungary
Some things in held in common
Other minorities

11. Europe in 1871
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12. Ethnic Groups in the Dual Monarchy
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13. Imperial Russia Alexander II, 1855-1881
Emancipation of serfs, March 3, 1861
Problems with emancipation
Zemstvos (local assemblies)
Growing dissatisfaction
Alexander III ( )

14. Great Britain: The Victorian Age
Did not experience revolts in 1848
Reforms
Economic Growth
Queen Victoria (1837 – 1901) reflected the age
Benjamin Disraeli ( )
Extension of voting rights
Reform Act, 1867

15. The United States: Slavery and War
The United States: Civil War and Reunion
Differences between North and South
The cotton economy
Election of Abraham Lincoln, secession of South Carolina, 1860
Civil War,
North has the advantage
Grant and Lee and the war’s end
Emergence of the Canadian Nation
By 1800 want more autonomy
By 1837 several groups rebelled
The Dominion of Canada, 1867

16. Marx and Marxism
Karl Marx ( ) and Friedrich Engels ( ), The Communist Manifesto, 1848
History is the history of class struggle
Stages of history
In the end would be a classless society
After 1848 revolutions, Marx went to London
Marx, Das Kapital
International Working Men’s Association, 1864
Internal problems

17. A New Age of Science
Development of the steam engine led to science of relationship between heat and mechanical energy
Growth of scientific interest
Louis Pasteur – germ theory of disease
Dmitri Mendeleyev – atomic weights
Michael Faraday – generator
Growth of belief in science has affect on religious belief

18. Charles Darwin and the Theory of Organic Evolution
On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection, 1859
All plants and animals have evolved over a long period of time
Those who survived had adapted to the environment
The Descent of Man, 1871
Ideas highly controversial; gradually accepted

19. Realism in Literature and Art
The Realistic Novel
Rejected Romanticism
Gustave Flaubert ( ), Madame Bovary, 1857
William Thackeray ( ), Vanity Fair, 1848
Charles Dickens ( )
Realism in Art
Gustave Courbet ( )
Portrayal of everyday life
Jean-Francois Millet ( )
Scenes from rural life

20. Discussion Questions Trace the events that led to the Crimean War.
How does the Crimean War change the relationships of the European nations?
How did nationalism affect Germany, Italy and Austria?
How did the issue of slavery affect the history of the United States?
What is different about the “New Age of Science”?

21. Web Links Louis Napoleon Crimean War Giuseppe Garibaldi
Otto von Bismarck
Franco-Prussian War
Compromise of 1867
Karl Marx