1. How did the Enlightenment come about? Why is it significant today?
Scientific Revolution
Renaissance
Reformation
Scientific Revolution set forth the use of reason & logic to question all of nature’s laws
Enlightenment was a new movement questioning all aspects of society – government, religion, economics & education
This movement inspired three revolutions & established democracy as we know it
Hellenistic Culture
(Greeks & Romans)
Enlightenment
U.S. Bill of Rights
Constitution
Senaca Falls 1848

2. What were the two views of government?
Opposing Ideas
Thomas Hobbes, Leviathan, (1651) argued for a “Social Contract” where people give up their rights to a strong leader, in exchange for law & order
Does he have faith in human behavior?
John Locke, Two Treaties of Government, (1690), argued for “Natural Rights” – life, liberty, & property, he believed in human behavior that people could learn from experience & govern themselves
Methods of Governing
“Social Contract”
“Natural Rights”

3. Today’s Standard
1. What did the Hellenistic period influence during the Middle Ages?
See Notes
10.2 Students compare and contrast the Glorious Revolution of England, the American Revolution, and the French Revolution and their enduring effects worldwide on the political expectations for self-government and individual liberty.
Compare the major ideas of philosophers and their effects on the democratic revolutions in England, the United States, France, and Latin America (e.g., John Locke, Charles-Louis Montesquieu, Jean-Jacques Rousseau, Simón Bolívar, Thomas Jefferson, James Madison).
Quiz
Cornell Notes

4. Why was John Locke significant to the Enlightenment?
Established
Natural Rights
Positive view of human nature
All born equal
Government’s role is to protect these Natural Rights, if not, then citizens have the right to overthrow it (Right to Rebel)
Consent of the governed
Legacy
Influenced English Bill of Rights
Influenced Declaration of Independence
Influenced the U.S. Constitution

5. Why was Baron de Montesquieu significant to the Enlightenment?
French philosopher, On the Spirit of Laws, (1784) argued that power is to great for one person
Established
Separation of Powers
Legacy
Idea Separation of Powers
Checks & Balances in the U.S. Constitution

6. Why was Jean Jacques Rousseau significant to the Enlightenment?
French philosopher, The Social Contract, (1762) argued individual freedoms & consent of the governed (power to the people)
Established
Freedoms
Legacy
Ideas reflected in the U.S. Bill of Rights

7. Today’s Standard
1. Explain the differences between Thomas Hobbes and John Locke? Theories & Human Behavior
See Notes
10.2 Students compare and contrast the Glorious Revolution of England, the American Revolution, and the French Revolution and their enduring effects worldwide on the political expectations for self-government and individual liberty.
Compare the major ideas of philosophers and their effects on the democratic revolutions in England, the United States, France, and Latin America (e.g., John Locke, Charles-Louis Montesquieu, Jean-Jacques Rousseau, Simón Bolívar, Thomas Jefferson, James Madison).
Cornell Notes (5 Slides)

8. Mary Wollstonecraft (1759 - 1797)
Women need education, just like men, to become virtuous & useful
Women’s rights to participate in politics
Equal rights for women

9. Diderot French philosopher and writer
Wanted to change the general way of thinking
Father of the encyclopedia
Denounced slavery
Praised freedom of expression
Urged education for all

10. Other great philosophers of the Enlightenment
Voltaire (Francois Marie Arouet), a French philosopher, argued free speech, fight for tolerance, & religious beliefs
Cesare Bonesana Beccaria, a Italian philosopher, argued for abolishment of torture
Established
Freedoms
Legacy
Ideas reflected in the U.S. Bill of Rights (Voltaire)
Influenced criminal law (Beccaria)

11. Other great philosophers of the Enlightenment
Mary Wollstonecraft, A Vindication of the Rights of Women, (1792), argued for women’s rights in education & marriage. Women could spread idea of Enlightenment through social gatherings (salons)
Legacy
Women’s rights groups in North American & Europe
This painting by Anicet Charles Lemonnier show a salon in the home of Madame Geoffrin listening to an actor reading aloud from a new play

12. What did philosophers advocate
What did philosophers advocate? What was the impact of the Enlightenment of Western civilization?
Five Concepts:
Reason
Nature
Happiness
Progress
Liberty
Method of Delivery:
Encyclopedia & Literature
Salons (Discussions)
Art
Music
Impact:
People have the confidence that human reason can solve social problem

13. The Enlightenment in Europe
Natural Law; Life, Liberty & Happiness
John Locke
Montesquieu
Separation of Powers
Rousseau
Consent of the Governed
Beccaria
Abolishment of Torture
Wollstonecraft
Women’s Rights

14. Locke & Montesquieu
All but women’s rights

15. Published the Encyclopedia
Broke traditional style of music
Set a new standard in music; elegance and originality
Bridged the classical style to romantic style
Wrote the first English novel “Pamela”

16. Enlightenment Presentations
Group Member #1 (Introduce Members)
“Good morning, our group members are….”
Group Member #2 (Introduce King/Queen)
“Our group will discuss…”
Group Member #3 (Introduce Reforms)
“The Enlightenment influenced our king/queen in the following manner…”

17. Reforms in government, education, justice and censorship.
King of Prussia
(1740 – 1786)
Abolished serfdom, improved justice in the courts, supported religious freedom and initiated freedom of press.
King of Austria
(1780 – 1790)
Tried to implement the philosophies of the Enlightenment ideas; accomplished limited reform
Queen of Russia
(1762 – 1796)