1. Concurrency Control
WXES 2103
Database

2. Content Concurrency Problems Concurrency Control
Concurrency Control Approaches

3. Concurrency Problems
Data integrity and consistency problem may arise when several transactions are processed simultaneously (multi-user DB environment)
Example: Ali and Siti have a joint savings account in a bank and each has been issued an ATM card. It may happen that both Ali and Siti withdraw money at the same time in 2 different locations.

4. Concurrency Problems (cont…)
Time
Ali’s Transaction
Siti’s Transaction 1
Read account balance
(Balance = RM1000) 2 3
Withdraw RM600
(Balance = RM400)
Write Balance = RM400 4
Withdraw RM700
(Insufficient Funds!)

5. Concurrency Control
This type of problems are caused by lack of coordination of the two transactions.
Maybe the DBMS does not provide concurrency control.
Concurrency control refers to the coordination of execution of multiple transactions in a multi-user DB environment.

6. Concurrency Control 3 problems associated with concurrent processing :
Lost updates
Uncommitted data
Inconsistent retrievals

7. Lost Updates
Scenario
Assume that customer balance (Bal) is 500. And 2 transaction T1 and T2 attempt to update the balance at the same time.
Transaction
Action
Computation T1
Deposit 200
Bal =
(Bal = 700) T2
Withdraw 100
Bal =
(Bal = 600)

8. Lost Updates (cont…)
The serial execution of these transaction yields the correct results (Bal = 600)
Transaction requires several steps such as reading, modifying and writing. And it must be in correct sequence.
See the correct sequence for the previous transactions.

9. Lost Updates (cont…) Time Trans. Step Stored Value 1 T1 Read Balance
500 2
Balance= 3
Write Balance
700 4 T2 5
Balance= 6
600

10. Lost Updates (cont…)
The scheduler below shows incorrect sequence leading to lost updates
Time
Trans.
Step
Stored Value 1 T1
Read Balance
500 2 T2 3
Balance=
700 4
Balance=
400 5
Write Balance (Lost Update) 6
Write Balance

11. Uncommitted Data
Data are not committed when 2 transaction T1 and T2 are executed concurrently, and T1 is rolled back after T2 has already accessed the uncommitted data
This violates the isolation property of transaction

12. Uncommitted Data (cont…)
Transaction
Action
Computation T1
Deposit 200
Bal =
(Rolled back) T2
Withdraw 100
Bal =
(Bal = 400)
This serial execution yields the correct results Balance = 400

13. Uncommitted Data (cont…)
Time
Trans.
Step
Stored Value 1 T1
Read Balance
500 2
Balance= 3
Write Balance
700 4
Roll back 5 T2 6
Balance= 7
400

14. The scheduler below shows incorrect sequence leading to lost updates
Time
Trans.
Step
Stored Value 1 T1
Read Balance
500 2
Balance= 3
Write Balance
700 4 T2
Read Balance (Uncommitted data) 5
Roll back 6
Balance= 7
Write Balance (Lost update)
600

15. Inconsistent Retrieval
Occurs when a transaction calculates an aggregate or summary function (e.g SUM) over a set of data, which the other transactions are updating
The inconsistency happens because the transaction may read some data before they are changed and read other data after they are changed

16. Concurrency Control Approaches
Locking – If one user is updating the data, all the other users denied access to the same data
Time stamping – a unique global time stamp is assigned to each transaction

17. Locking
A lock is a mechanism to control concurrent access to a data item
Data items can be locked in two modes :
1. exclusive (X) mode. Data item can be both read as well as written. X-lock is requested using lock-X instruction.
2. shared (S) mode. Data item can only be read. S-lock is requested using lock-S instruction.
Lock requests are made to concurrency-control manager. Transaction can proceed only after request is granted.

18. Locking (cont…) Lock-compatibility matrix
A transaction may be granted a lock on an item if the requested lock is compatible with locks already held on the item by other transactions

19. Locking (cont…)
Any number of transactions can hold shared locks on an item, but if any transaction holds an exclusive on the item no other transaction may hold any lock on the item.
If a lock cannot be granted, the requesting transaction is made to wait till all incompatible locks held by other transactions have been released. The lock is then granted.

20. Example of a transaction performing locking:
T2: lock-S(A);
read (A);
unlock(A);
lock-S(B);
read (B);
unlock(B);
display(A+B)
Locking as above is not sufficient to guarantee serializability — if A and B get updated in-between the read of A and B, the displayed sum would be wrong.

21. Deadlock Consider the partial schedule
Neither T3 nor T4 can make progress — executing lock-S(B) causes T4 to wait for T3 to release its lock on B, while executing lock-X(A) causes T3 to wait for T4 to release its lock on A.

22. Deadlock (cont…) Such a situation is called a deadlock.
To handle a deadlock one of T3 or T4 must be rolled back and its locks released.

23. Methods to control deadlocks
Deadlock prevention - transacation requesting a new lock is aborted if there is a possibility that it might cause a deadlock to occur

24. Methods to control deadlocks
Deadlock detection - DBMS periodically checks the DB for any deadlocks. If exist it aborts one of the transaction
Deadlock recovery - requires each transaction locks all its data items before it begins execution

25. Time stamping
Each transaction is issued a timestamp when it enters the system. If an old transaction Ti has time-stamp TS(Ti), a new transaction Tj is assigned time-stamp TS(Tj) such that TS(Ti) <TS(Tj).
The protocol manages concurrent execution such that the time-stamps determine the serializability order.

26. END
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