1. Deviance, Social Control, Crime and Corrections
Class notes – Please practice taking notes from this powerpoint

2. What is the Sociological Approach to Deviance?
Sociologists use the term deviance to refer to any violation of rules and norms.
From a sociological perspective, deviance is relative.
Definitions of “what is deviant” vary across societies and from one group to another within the same society.
Symbolic interactionists stress, it is not the act, but the reactions to the act, that make something deviant.

3. People can be labeled as deviant without doing anything!
In some cases, an individual need not do anything to be labeled a deviant.
He or she may be shunned, falsely accused or discredited because of an affliction, appearance, or association.
Even crime can be relative when interpreting the reason for deviance and the setting of the action.

4. Social Control
All groups develop systems of social control to punish deviants those who violate their norms.
Violators can expect to experience negative sanctions for the violation of norms. An example is Shaming.
Members of society who conform to societal norms, and do what is commonly expected, receive positive sanctions.

5. Other definitions of deviance
Biologists, psychologists, and sociologists have different perspectives on why people violate norms.
Biological explanations focus on genetic predispositions
Psychologists concentrate on abnormalities within the individual (commonly known as personality disorders)
Sociologists look at social factors outside the individual for reasons why deviance occurs or why an act is considered deviant.

6. Some theories of the Symbolic Interactionist Perspective
Symbolic interactionists interpret deviance through the following social theories:
Differential association theory (people learn deviance from the groups with whom they associate)
Control theory (people generally avoid deviance because of an effective system of inner and outer controls)
Labeling theory (people are directed toward or away from deviance by the labels others pin on them).
People who commit deviant acts often use techniques of neutralization to deflect blame or rationalize behaviors.

7. 5 Techniques of Neutralization
denial of responsibility
denial of injury
denial of a victim
condemnation of the condemners
appeal to higher loyalties