1. PRESENT PERFECT
Form and Usage

2. Present Perfect: Form to have + participle (3rd form)
The present perfect always has the following structure:
to have + participle (3rd form)
He has gone.
She‘s made spaghetti.
They‘ve forgotten their bags at home.

3. Present Perfect: Form Positive sentences: Negative sentences:
They‘ve forgotten their bags at home.
She‘s gone to Paris for 2 months.
Negative sentences:
He hasn‘t had any problems with the project.
We haven‘t seen him for quite a while.
Questions:
Have you lost your mind?
Has she been here for a long time?

4. Present Perfect: Don‘t forget!
To form the present perfect, you need to know the participle… So: don‘t forget to learn the irregular verb forms! do-did-done forget-forgot-forgotten see-saw-seen break-broke-broken hit-hit-hit swim-swam-swum make-made-made etc. etc.

5. Present Perfect: Usage
We generally use the present perfect to express a certain connection between the past and the present:
Event started in the past and continues into present:
She‘s joined a yoga class in our local sports centre.
Event in the past with result/effect in the present:
I can‘t go dancing. I‘ve broken my foot!
Event in ‚non-specific‘ past:
They‘ve lost a lot of money recently (kürzlich).
Events that are ‚news‘:
Oh my God! There‘s been a serious accident!!

6. Present Perfect: Usage
Connection between the past and the present: past present

7. Present Perfect: Usage
There are some signal words that help you decide, whether you have to use the present perfect.
today
this week, this evening, this year, etc.
recently, lately  kürzlich
so far, up to now  bisher
ever  jemals
never  niemals
yet, not yet  schon, noch nicht
already  schon
just  gerade eben
for  seit (Zeitdauer)
since  seit (Zeitpunkt)

8. Present Perfect vs. Past Simple
He‘s been here seven times this month. He was here yesterday afternoon. They‘ve forgotten their books at home. Last week they forgot their books at home. I have never been to Paris. I was in Paris four months ago.

9. Present Perfect Continuous: Form
Like in all other tenses, the Present Perfect also has a continuous form. To form it you need: to be (in the present perfect) + ing-form They have been living there for 2 months now. I‘ve been reading the whole night. Now my eyes hurt. She has been feeling ill for quite long.

10. Present Perfect Continuous: Usage
This tense is used when you need the present perfect (see above!) AND you want to emphasise (betonen) that it is still in progress, that it took a long time or that it‘s only temporary. I‘ve been working really hard. Can I leave now? She‘s been watching TV for the whole weekend. We‘ve been waiting here all morning!

13. PAST PERFECT
Form and Usage

14. Past Perfect: Form
We form the past perfect with the auxiliary had and the past participle had + past participle She had left school. In speech and informal writing, we can use short forms (contractions) She’d left school.

15. Past Perfect: Form
Questions: We form questions in the past perfect by putting had before the subject. Had she left school? Negative Sentences: We form negatives with not She had not left school. She hadn’t left school.

16. Past Perfect: Usage We use the past perfect:
to show that one past event happened before another past event
She left at We arrived at her house at 8.30.
Sue had already left her house when we arrived.
past perfect event
past simple event

17. Past Perfect: Usage
we often use the past perfect together with the simple past and «before» and «after».
She had left her house before we arrived.
We arrived at Sue’s house after she had left .
before + simple past
after + past perfect