1. [subject] + [verb] + [object]
Active Form
The thing doing the action : subject
the thing receiving the action : object.
(Most sentences are active)
[subject] + [verb] + [object]

2. [object] + [be] + [past participle of verb] + [by] + [subject]
Passive Form
The thing receiving the action is the subject of the sentence and the thing doing the action is optionally included near the end of the sentence.
[object] + [be] + [past participle of verb] + [by] + [subject]

3. PASSIVE TENSES Focus on the agent rather than on the action.
BE past participle
(appropriate tense)
ACTIVE VOICE
PASSIVE VOICE
Simple Present:
Am/Is/Are + past participle
Simple Past:
Was / were + past participle
Simple future:
Will be + past participle
Present Progressive:
Am/Is/Are + being + past participle
Past Progressive:
Was / Were + being + past participle
Present Perfect:
Have/Has + been + past participle
Past Perfect:
Had + been + past participle
* When we want to refer to the agent we use by + noun

4. SIMPLE PRESENT PASSIVE
Use it to focus on the action rather than in the agent.
BE Past participle
Active voice: Tom bakes a cake every week.
Passive voice: A cake is baked every week (by Tom).
Subject verb object
(doer)
object verb

5. Use the active or passive form of the verb USE
Architects _______________ mathematics to design buildings.
Cellphones _______________ to send text messages.
Cocoa_____________________ to make chocolate.
Search engines ________________ to find information.
Some travelers _______________ backpacks to carry things more easily.

6. WAS / WERE + Past participle
SIMPLE PAST PASSIVE
Use it to focus on past action rather than in the agent.
WAS / WERE + Past participle
Active voice: Tom baked a cake yesterday.
Passive voice: A cake was baked yesterday (by Tom).
Subject verb object
(doer)
object verb

7. damage design buy write elect
Simple past passive
damage design buy write elect
The car ______________ by Da Vinci
The DV´s _______________ by America
When ______ he _______________ president?
All of the buildings _______________ by the storm.
The national anthem ________________ in 1902.

8. You look so different. When _________ this photo ___________ ? (take)
Complete using the past passive form of the verbs
You look so different. When _________ this photo ___________ ? (take)
Machu Pichu ______________ in the 15th century. (build)
Their parents ______________ to come to the school. (call)
Press this button to see when the last call ______________. (make)
I´m sorry you __________________ to the party. (not invite)

9. Complete using the passive
They gave me my job back. I ____________ my job back.
Add piece A to piece B. Piece A ______________ to piece B.
People remember the same event differently. The same event __________________ differently.
We’ll explain later. Everything _______________ later.
They’re putting up new buildings. New buildings ____________.

10. He opens the door. - We set the table. - She pays a lot of money
He opens the door. - We set the table. - She pays a lot of money. - I draw a picture. - They wear blue shoes. - They don't help you. - He doesn't open the book. - You do not write the letter. - Does your mom pick you up? - Does the police officer catch the thief? -

11. Reported speech Use it to say what someone said. Requests Statements
Use ask + object + infinitive
He asked me to help him bake a cake.
Command
Tell + object + infinitive
Mom told me to clean my room.
Statements
Use SAY /TELL + THAT.
The doctor said I that I was healthy.

12. DIRECT SPEECH
REPORTED SPEECH
Simple present
Simple past
Present progressive
Past progressive
Past perfect
Present perfect
Am/is/are going to
Was/were going to
must
Had to
can
Could
Will
Would

13. REPORTED STATEMENTS “I´m not sure” “The solutions aren´t working” “It doesn´t bother me” “ It took four to six hours” “I have done it”

14. REPORTED QUESTIONS
In Yes/No questions, we use IF before the reported speech.
Direct question:
Is he going to come? Yes, he is. / No, he isn’t.
Have you seen the movie? Yes, I have. / No, I haven’t.
Reported question:
We asked IF he was going to come.
They wanted to know IF he had seen the movie.

15. In WH questions (what, why, when, where, how, who) we use the question word before the reported speech.
Direct question:
How did you know?
What other subjects have you failed?
Reported question:
We asked how he had known.
I asked what other subjects he had failed.

16. “Is it new. ” She asked _____ it _____ new. “Are you asleep
“Is it new?” She asked _____ it _____ new. “Are you asleep?” He asked ____ I _____ asleep. “Where are they?” I asked _____ they ______. “What did you see?” They asked _____ I _____ ______ . “Where are you going?” She asked ____ I ____ ______ .

18. Reported speech