1. State consolidation & Imperial expansion
A closer France, Russia & England

2. Rulers used a variety of methods to legitimize and consolidate their power.
Rulers used the arts to display power
Rulers continued to use religion as legitimacy
Differential treatment of some groups
Recruitment of military professionals

3. Cardinal Richelieu ~ France
Political Testament – power is based on revenue (so money = power, go figure)
“Raison d’etat” – what is done for the State is done for God

4. France – Cardinal Richelieu
Increase the power of the King
Make France the strongest country
Destroyed the noble's castles
Transferred their authority to govt. officials
Levied taxes without consent of Estates - General
Led France into the 30 Years War where he joined with Protestant Sweden to fight against the Catholic Hapsburgs.

5. LOUIS XIV “I am the state” “One King, One Law, One Religion”
“Who said I don’t have the best legs!”

6. Louis XIV
Created the most lavish court in Europe complete with formal etiquette and ritual
Promoted economy by strengthening infrastructure and using protective tariffs.
Revoked the Edict of Nantes
Ambitious in foreign affairs, even had his grandson placed on the throne of Spain (allowed by the Treaty of Utrecht)

7. VERSAILLES

12. HALL OF MIRRORS

14. Peter the Great Sought to modernize and westernize Russia
Window to the Sea
New Capital City
Transform the people
Brought Church under his complete control
Strengthened serfdom to maintain a stable labor supply

15. Who looks more European?

16. Boyars Russian nobles

17. He introduced western ideas to Russia and forced them to do away with their traditional dress for western styles. He also made them shave their beards.

19. FYI – Peter's Weird Obsessions
Summoned all the Russian Dwarfs and Midgets to St. Petersburg, where he built them a snow village.
Peter loved midgets because he was so much taller than them.
He often put midgets in pies and let them jump out to entertain people.

20. He loved oddities - kept jars of teeth he personally pulled.
He opened a Museum of Curiosities which was kept by a deformed dwarf who would one day himself be pickled.
- man without genitals
- child w/ 2 heads
- organs of a hermaphrodite
- pickled phallus - he threatened to cut off his wife’s head if she didn’t kiss it.
- preserved remains of babies born deformed
- skeleton of an 8 foot tall giant

21. England
The anti-absolute state…

22. Henry VIII Became head of the Church of England
He followed the 3 necessities of absolutism
Reduce power of nobility
Acquire wealth
Limit the power of the church

23. The Stewart Debacle
James I
Charles I
Tried to create an absolute monarchy and refused to work with Parliament
Constantly clashed with them over taxes
Constantly needed $
Parliament forced him to sign the “Petition of Right”
Person cannot be imprisoned w/out just cause
Parliament must approve any tax increases

24. James I
“Monarchie… the supremest thing on earth: for Kings are not only GOD’s Lieutenants upon earth, and sit upon throne, but even by God himself they are called Gods.”

25. Roundheads vs. Cavaliers 1ST European King to be executed
English Civil War ( )
Roundheads vs. Cavaliers
1ST European King to be executed
Parliament led by Oliver Cromwell
When things went bad for Cavaliers, Charles I wrote to foreign kings asking them to invade
TREASON!!!

26. OMG life stunk under Cromwell
Restoration
Glorious Revolution
Parliament asked Charles II to return the Stewarts to the throne
No heir so the throne passed after him to his Catholic brother James II
James II didn’t fit in (wouldn’t work w/ Parliament & was Catholic)
William & Mary arrive
They sign the “English Bill of Rights” which makes Parliament supreme