1. Inheritance of Genetic Traits
Genetic Disorders
Inheritance of Genetic Traits

2. Brief History
First there was Gregor Mendel, a monk who studied inherited characteristics. This was followed by Francis crick and James Watson who unraveled the DNA molecule. This has led us to understanding the human genome sequence

3. Gregor Mendel
1866
Gregor Mendel published the results of his investigations of the inheritance of "factors" in pea plants.

4. Rosalind Franklin
1950's.
Maurice Wilkins (1916- ), Rosalind Franklin ( ), Francis H. C. Crick (1916- ) of Britain and James D. Watson (1928- ) of the U.S. Discover chemical structure of DNA, starting a new branch of science--molecular biology. .

5. Watson and Crick
Watson and Crick made a model of the DNA molecule and proved that genes determine heredity

6. Arthur Kornberg
1957
Arthur Kornberg (1918- ) of the U.S. produced DNA in a test tube.

7. Genetic code
1966
The Genetic code was discovered; scientists are now able to predict characteristics by studying DNA. This leads to genetic engineering, genetic counseling.

8. Barbara McClintock
1983
Barbara McClintock ( ) of the U.S. was awarded the Nobel Prize for her discovery that genes are able to change position on chromosomes.

9. DNA Fingerprinting The late 1980's.
An international team of scientists began the project to map the human genome.
The first crime conviction based on DNA fingerprinting, in Portland Oregon.

10. Gene Therapy
1990.
Gene therapy was used on patients for the first time.

11. Dr. Kary Mullis
                           
1993
Dr. Kary Mullis discovered the PCR procedure, for which he was awarded the Nobel prize.

12. DNA Testing
                           
1995.
DNA testing in forensics cases gains fame in the O.J. Simpson trial.

13. Cloning Begins
                                     
1997.
Dolly the sheep - the first adult animal clone.

14. Human Genome Project
Imagine a world in which we will be able to treat diseases by altering our very genes‚ giving us new ones if ours are non-functional, changing bad genes for good ones. For the first time in our existence, we are closer to understanding just what we are. We now have the tools to make the whole world better through science ‚ the science of the human genome.

15. Genetic Disorders

16. Mutations
Gene mutations can be either inherited from a parent or acquired. A hereditary mutation is a mistake that is present in the DNA of virtually all body cells. Hereditary mutations are also called germ line mutations because the gene change exists in the reproductive cells and can be passed from generation to generation, from parent to newborn. Moreover, the mutation is copied every time body cells divide

17. Mutations occur all the time in every cell in the body
Mutations occur all the time in every cell in the body. Each cell, however, has the remarkable ability to recognize mistakes and fix them before it passes them along to its descendants. But a cell's DNA repair mechanisms can fail, or be overwhelmed, or become less efficient with age. Over time, mistakes can accumulate.

18. NONDISJUNCTION
is the failure of chromosome pairs to separate properly during meiosis I or II, specifically in the anaphase.

19. Down’s Syndrome Caused by non-disjunction of the 21st chromosome.
This means that the individual has a trisomy (3 – 2lst chromosomes).
Life expectancy is 55 years old.

20. Down’s Syndrome or Trisomy 21

22. Symptoms of Down Syndrome
Upward slant to eyes.
Small ears that fold over at the top.
Small, flattened nose.
Small mouth, making tongue appear large.
Short neck.
Small hands with short fingers.

23. Symptoms of Down Syndrome
Low muscle tone.
Single deep crease across center of palm.
Looseness of joints.
Small skin folds at the inner corners of the eyes.
Excessive space between first and second toe.
In addition, down syndrome always involves some degree of mental retardation, from mild to severe. In most cases, the mental retardation is mild to moderate.

24. Kleinfelter’s syndrome (or Klinefleter’s)
Disorder occurring due to nondisjunction of the X chromosome.
The Sperm containing both X and Y combines with an egg containing the X, results in a male child.
The egg may contribute the extra X chromosome.

25. XXY Life expectancy is average.
Males with some development of breast tissue normally seen in females.
Little body hair is present, and such person are typically tall, have small testes.
Infertility results from absent sperm.
Evidence of mental retardation may or may not be present.
Life expectancy is average.

28. Klinefleter’s

29. Turner’s
Turner syndrome is associated with underdeveloped ovaries, short stature, webbed, and is only in women.
Bull neck, and broad chest. Individuals are sterile, and lack expected secondary sexual characteristics.
Mental retardation typically not evident.
Life expectancy is average.

30. Turner’s Syndrome

33. Sickle Cell Anemia Caused by a point mutation
An inherited, chronic disease in which the red blood cells, normally disc-shaped, become crescent shaped. As a result, they function abnormally and cause small blood clots. These clots give rise to recurrent painful episodes called "sickle cell pain crises".

34. Sickle Cell
Sickle cell disease is most commonly found in African American populations.  This disease was discovered over 80 years ago, but has not been given the attention it deserves.
There are 2 types of Sickle cell anemia
The life expectancy for one is years old and for the other is years old.

37. Cystic Fibrosis (CF) Cause: deletion of only 3 bases on chromosome 7
Fluid in lungs, potential respiratory failure
Common among Caucasians…1 in 20 are carriers
Life expectancy is in the Mid 30’s.

39. Tay-Sachs disease Monogenic, autosomal recessive
Central nervous system degrades, ultimately causing death.
Most common among people of Jewish, eastern Europe descent.
Life expectancy is 4-6 years old.

41. Hemophilia, the royal disease
Hemophilia is the oldest known hereditary bleeding disorder.
Caused by a recessive gene on the X chromosome.
There are about 20,000 hemophilia patients in the United States.
One can bleed to death with small cuts.
The severity of hemophilia is related to the amount of the clotting factor in the blood. About 70% of hemophilia patients have less than one percent of the normal amount and, thus, have severe hemophilia.

42. X-linked Inheritance pedigree chart

43. Huntington's disease (HD) is an inherited, degenerative brain disorder which results in an eventual loss of both mental and physical control.
This disease is caused by duplication of the sequence CAG on chromosome 4. It is dominant
The disease is also known as Huntington's chorea. Chorea means "dance-like movements" and refers to the uncontrolled motions often associated with the disease.
The average life expectancy of the patient once the disease has been diagnosed is about 12 years.
Huntington’s Disease

46. Huntington’s
Scientists have discovered that the abnormal protein produced by the Huntington's disease gene, which contains an elongated stretch of amino acids called glutamines, binds more tightly to HAP-1 than the normal protein does.

48. Phenylketonuria or PKU
Caused by a mutation on chromosome12 that leads to a deficiency of an enzyme which is necessary for proper metabolism of an amino acid called phenylalanine.
People with PKU cannot consume any product that contains aspartame.
PKU is a metabolic disorder that results when the PKU gene is inherited from both parents (recessive)

49. PKU
Phenylalanine is an essential amino acid and is found in nearly all foods which contain protein, dairy products, nuts, beans, tofu… etc.
A low protein diet must be followed.
Brain damage can result if the diet is not followed causing mental retardation…and mousy body odor (phenylacetic acid is in sweat).
Life expectancy is normal with proper diet.

50. Symptoms A musty odor to the skin, hair, and urine. Skin problems.
Losing weight from vomiting and diarrhea.
Acting fussy.
Being sensitive to light.

51. PKU

52. Phenylalanine. Free diet

53. ALS (Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis, or Lou Gehrig’s disease)

54. the disease strikes people between the ages of 40 and 70, and as many as 30,000 Americans have the disease at any given time
Caused by a point mutation that makes a defective protein that is toxic to motor nerve cells.
A common first symptom is a painless weakness in a hand, foot, arm or leg, other early symptoms include speech swallowing or walking difficulty
The average life expectancy of a patient with ALS is between two and five years from when they are diagnosed.

56. Muscular Dystrophy
What Is Muscular Dystrophy? Muscular dystrophy is a disease in which the muscles of the body get weaker and weaker and slowly stop working because of a lack of a certain protein
Caused by mutation on the X chromosome.
Life expectancy is 18 to early 20’s.

57. Muscular Dystrophy Frequent falls
Difficulty getting up from a lying or sitting position
Trouble running and jumping
Waddling gait
Large calf muscles
Learning disabilities

59. Diabetes Disease in which the body does
not produce or properly use insulin.
Insulin is a hormone that is needed to convert sugar, starches, and other food into energy needed for daily life.
Genetic mutation can lead to Type 1 diabetes,
Life Expectancy is reduced about years.

60. Diabetes Warning signs
Type 1 reveals itself in childhood, Type 2 can be made worse from excessive lifestyle
Warning signs
Extreme thirst
Blurry vision from time to time
Frequent urination
Unusual fatigue or drowsiness
Unexplained weight loss
Diabetes is the leading cause of kidney failure, blindness, and amputation in adults, and can also lead to heart disease.

62. Color Blindness Cause: x-linked recessive
1/10 males have, 1/100 females have. Why the difference?
Individuals are unable to distinguish shades of red-green.
Are you color blind?
Normal life expectancy
                                          

64. Albinism
Cause of albinism is a mutation in one of several genes (causes the person to NOT produce melanin)
Patients are unable to produce skin or eye pigments, and thus are light-sensitive
Autosomal recessive
Normal life expectancy

66. Achondroplasia (a.k.a. dwarfism)
Point Mutation, autosomal
Carriers express genes, therefore, is it dominant or recessive?
Normal life expectancy
There is also a disease called gigantism (Andre the Giant)

68. The very tragic disease… hairy ears
Caused by mutation on Y chromosome, which are rare
symptoms…hairy ears
Only 1 cure known….

70. Edward’s Syndrome
is a genetic disorder caused by the presence of all or part of an extra 18th chromosome. (nondisjunction)
Life Expectancy: About half of infants with Edwards' syndrome die within the first two months of life, and between % don't live to see their first birthday.

71. Edward’s
Child will have a small head with characteristic facial features including a small jaw and mouth, upturned nose, widely spaced small eyes with narrow eyelid folds and drooping of the upper eyelids, and low-set, malformed ears.
The hands may be clenched, with the second and fifth fingers overlapping the other fingers, and the thumbs may be underdeveloped or absent. Webbing of the second and third toes may also occur.

74. Patau’s Syndrome
Patau's syndrome is a genetic or chromosomal disorder in which an individual has 3 chromosomes in the 13th set of autosomes (nondisjunction)
The expected life for the child with Patau syndrome is 2.5 days.

75. Patau’s
An individual with patau's syndrome can be male or female. Being that an individual has an extra chromosomes in one of its set, this is an abnormality and leads to developmental issues such as microcephaly, usually blindness, heart defects, cleft lip and palate.
Another significant effect of Patau syndrome is facial deformities such as absence of nose.

78. XYY Syndrome XYY syndrome is a chromosome disorder that affects males.
It is caused by nondisjunction of the X sex chromosome. Males with this disorder have an extra Y chromosome.

79. XYY Males experience rapid growth in childhood
Males with XYY syndrome are not overly muscular, particularly in the chest and shoulders
Males with XYY syndrome may develop severe acne
Men with XYY syndrome have normal, heterosexual function and most are fertile.
Men with XYY syndrome usually have normal intelligence

80. XYY
Males with XYY syndrome have an increased risk of behavior problems
The XYY syndrome was previously considered the super-male syndrome, in which men with this condition were thought to be overly aggressive and more likely to become criminals.
Life expectancy is normal

83. Fragile X Syndrome
It is caused by an error in a small part of DNA, the gene FMR1. This gene is located on the X chromosome
Occurs in males and females
Life expectancy is normal

84. Fragile X Syndrome
Physical features may include large ears, long face, soft skin and large testicles in post-pubertal males. Connective tissue problems may include ear infections, flat feet, high arched palate, double-jointed fingers and hyper-flexible joints.
Behavioral characteristics can include ADD, ADHD, autism and autistic behaviors, social anxiety, hand-biting and/or flapping, poor eye contact, sensory disorders and increased risk for aggression.

86. Cri-Du-Chat Syndrome Is a rare genetic disorder
Is caused by a deletion on chromosome 5.
Is French for “cat’s cry”
Life expectancy is 58 years old. Oldest person reported to have lived with it was 60 years old.

87. Cri- Du- Chat Cry that is high-pitched and sounds like a cat
Downward slant to the eyes
Low birth weight and slow growth
Low-set or abnormally shaped ears
Intellectual disability
Partial webbing or fusing of fingers or toes
Single line in the palm of the hand
Skin tags just in front of the ear
Slow or incomplete development of motor skills
Small head
Small jaw
Wide-set eyes