1. Psychogenic Non-epileptic Seizures
Introduction-Lorna Myers, Ph.D.

2. What are Psychogenic non epileptic seizures (PNES)?
Episodes that look like epileptic seizures but are not caused by sudden abnormal electrical discharges in the brain.
Episodes of sudden onset involving involuntary movements, alterations in consciousness, or both, without changes on the electroencephalograph (EEG, a test to record electrical activity of the brain) (without other physiologic abnormalities)
With probable psychological origin

3. Functional Neurological disorder (FND)
Functional Neurological Disorder (FND) is an umbrella term for a variety of symptoms that appear to be neurological but for which there is a suspected psychological origin.
Symptoms: bladder and bowel problems, chronic pain, gait & balance issues, headaches, seizures, involuntary movements, paralysis & weakness, sensory issues, speech and visual problems.
PNES is now included under this umbrella term (although it differs considerably from some typical FND disorders).

4. Definitions of PNES
As per DSM 5, PNESs are classified as a conversion disorder or functional neurological (abnormal central nervous system functioning of unknown etiology) symptoms disorder (FND).
A. 1 or more symptoms of altered voluntary motor or sensory functions
B. Clinical findings  symptoms incompatible with medical/mental disorder
C. Symptom of deficit is not better explained by another med/mental disorder.
D. causes sig. distress or impairment in social, occupational or other important areas of life.
F44.5 with attacks or seizures

5. What are Psychogenic non epileptic seizures (PNES)?
Typically:
Triggered by emotion (often unaware). Some can be triggered by physical pain, illness (e.g. high fever), or physical exhaustion
In Adults:
psychological trauma is almost always part of the adult patient’s history.
In children, trauma is less often evident as a predisposing factor.
Undiagnosed learning problems
Bullying and interpersonal problems
Family dynamics
Recent stressors or changes in the child’s life

6. What are psychogenic non-epileptic seizures NOT
They are NOT volitional/done purposefully and they are not:
* to gain attention
* to gain access to drugs
* to get out of work or school
* to be a nuisance to emergency health professionals and other healthcare providers
PNES is a very serious and uncontrollable health condition that tends to take over the patients’ lives and that will not resolve without proper interventions.

7. What do we call these seizures/events?
Antiquated terms that have been abandoned (or should be):
Pseudo seizures
Hysterical seizures
Possession
Now:
NEAD-Non epileptic attack disorder (UK)
Dissociative seizures
Psychological/psychogenic non epileptic seizures or events (PNES)
Functional seizures

8. How important is it to make the diagnosis quickly?
The sooner, the better! A misdiagnosis of epilepsy can lead to: • Dangerous interventions in the emergency room, (e.g. being "loaded up" with powerful drugs and being intubated)
• Spending years taking unnecessary medications

9. How important is it to make the right diagnosis?
Potential for physical injuries is high: Nearly 60% experienced PNES-related injuries.
51% had experienced Psychogenic non-epileptic seizure status (i.e., lasting more than 30 minutes),
27.8% had been admitted to intensive care units=extremely dangerous
Kanner A (2003) Psychogenic Nonepileptic Seizures Are Bad for Your Health. Epil. Curr., pp

10. How is the diagnosis of PNES made?
Can someone tell if it is PNES or epileptic seizures (ES) just by looking at the event itself? NO!
Video EEG is the gold standard. It allows doctors to look at both the brain wave data, as well as the images on video during the actual episode.
In PNES, there are no electrical changes in the brain at the time of the seizure (different from the epileptic seizures)

11. How is the diagnosis of PNES made?

12. How is PNES diagnosed? Video-EEG
Camera and EEG machine

13. Ambulatory Video-EEG
In-home test

14. Are there other tests?
Neuropsychological testing (cognitive and psychological) helps delineate cognitive functions and psychological profile.
Psychiatric/psychological interview.
Other diagnoses need to be ruled out -non-epileptic seizures (physiological)

15. Diagnostic delay
Even with cutting-edge technology available to medical doctors these days, the average delay between the time symptoms begin and the person is diagnosed with PNES is between 7-10 years.

16. A correct diagnosis of PNES will allow the patient to:
• Start psychological treatment ASAP which can lead to seizure control. • Allow the psychologist/psychiatrist and epilepsy doctor decide when and if anti-epileptic-drugs can be tapered off. • Start making changes in life based on this new diagnosis (i.e. gradually become more independent and make important life decisions)

17. Can psychogenic non-epileptic seizures cause brain damage or be fatal?
Short answer, is no.
However, if during the seizure, the patient suffers a blow or physical injury, the situation changes.
Usually an ambulance or hospital visit is not necessary when a typical PNES occurs UNLESS there has been a secondary injury suffered during the seizure, the duration is unusually long or the seizure presents very differently.

18. Can you still be diagnosed with PNES if you also have a neurological condition?
A past history of mild traumatic brain injury (TBI) is not uncommon in those with PNES and the association is stronger in PNES than in epilepsy.
Fibromyalgia and chronic pain are common comorbidities
Around 10% of patients with PNES also have past or present epilepsy as well

19. What are intelligence and mental functions like in persons with PNES?
Intellectual functioning of patients with PNES is not different than the norm.
Patients with PNES report difficulties with:
Memory
attention and concentration
word finding

20. Can PNES occur at any age?
Although PNES can occur at almost any age, it most commonly starts in teen years and in adults between the ages of
PNES is rare in children younger than 5 and less common in adults older than 55 but it certainly has been reported as occurring at these ages as well.

21. A few gender facts Among civilian populations: More common in women.
Other gender differences (Myers L, et al. (in press). Are there gender differences in those diagnosed with psychogenic non-epileptic seizures? Epilepsy Behav)
Males:
* tend to use avoidance stress coping strategies and tend to exhibit depressive symptoms.
Women:
* significantly higher rates of sexual trauma
* significantly higher rates of trauma symptomatology (dissociation and sexual disturbances)

22. Special populations: Veterans
Relatively high rates of TBI and high rates of PTSD 20%)
82% of mild TBI as cause of seizures had PNES while 90% of those with severe TBI as cause of seizures had epilepsy
Interval from onset of spells to diagnostic admission (months) is significantly longer in vets.
Among veterans: preceding history of PTSD is significant psychiatric predictive factor for psychogenic seizures (Salinsky M, et al. Psychiatric comorbidity in veterans with psychogenic seizures. Epilepsy Behav. 2012;25(3): ).

23. Is this a rare condition?
Estimates of 2-33 out of every 100,000 people have PNES.
Up to 30% of patients seen on inpatient epilepsy monitoring units will be diagnosed with PNES.
PNES is about as prevalent as Multiple Sclerosis but receives much less exposure and is relatively unknown to the public and to health professionals.
PNES has been around for centuries. 1800’s Freud and Charcot.

24. Why might someone develop PNES?
History of trauma/PTSD
Tendency toward dissociation under stress
Problems coping with stress (tendency to deal with stress with emotion and avoidance over task oriented response)
Alexithymia (misread and detach from emotion)
Difficulties with anger management (lack of assertiveness).
The non-stop chipping of life stressors and the “perfect storm” scenario

25. Comorbid psychiatric conditions in PNES
Unipolar or bipolar depression in 21% to 78% of patients with PNES.
Approximately 50% of patients with PNES also carry a diagnosis of anxiety disorder
Up to 25% have made a suicide attempt
>75% of patients with PNES have a history of trauma and % carry a diagnosis of PTSD
D'Alessio, L., Giagante, B., Oddo, S., Silva, W.W., Solis, P., Consalvo, D. et al. Psychiatric disorders in patients with psychogenic non-epileptic seizures, with and without comorbid epilepsy. Seizure. Jul 2006; 15: 333–339

26. Comorbid conditions in PNES
Pain syndromes (22-89%)1
Dissociative disorders (22-91%)1
Personality disorders (10-86%): Borderline and obsessive compulsive1
Often suffer from Medically Unexplained Symptoms (MUS)2
1 D'Alessio L, Giagante B, Oddo S, Silva WW, Solis P, Consalvo D, et al. Psychiatric disorders in patients with psychogenic non-epileptic seizures, with and without comorbid epilepsy. Seizure. 2006;15(5):333-9.
2 McKenzie PS, Oto M, Graham CD, Duncan R. Do patients whose psychogenic non-epileptic seizures resolve,‘replace’them with other medically unexplained symptoms? Medically unexplained symptoms arising after a diagnosis of psychogenic non-epileptic seizures. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry. 2011:jnnp

27. Is treatment available?
Cognitive behavioral treatments including prolonged exposure therapy
Psychodynamic therapy
Mindfulness-based treatments
Hypnotherapy
Group therapies and psychoeducation

28. Is treatment available?
For those with combined PNES and PTSD:
There are several PTSD specific treatments that may prove useful.
Prolonged exposure for PTSD (empirical testing underway)
Cognitive Processing therapy
Eye Movement Desensitization Reprocessing therapy (EMDR)
Dialectical Behavioral therapy (DBT)

29. Other Challenges of PNES
Quality of life
Safety issues
Practical issues (driving, working, studying, relationships)
What resources are there if any?

30. Is there an official awareness color for PNES?
2014, a grassroots movement on Facebook, chose two colors to represent PNES. Since PNES typically combines seizures and psychological trauma, PNES advocate, Eric L. Nelson, proposed Purple to represent seizures and Teal to represent PTSD. These received strong support.
PNES colors: Purple/Teal.
LeeLee N. Mike has to date created a multitude of graphics featuring these colors to spread awareness.

31. Official PNES awareness ribbon

32. A Leelee N. Mike graphic