1. Welcome to Earth Science!

2. Chapter 1: The Nature of Science
BIG Idea: Earth Scientists use specific methods to investigate Earth and beyond.

5. What is Earth Science?
the study of the Earth and the universe around it…
the study of Earth systems and systems in space; including weather and climate systems, and the study of nonliving things such as rocks, oceans, and planets.

6. A. The Scope of Earth Science:

7. 1. Astronomy: the study of objects beyond Earth’s atmosphere.
The oldest branch of Earth Science.

8. 2. Meteorology: the study of Earth’s atmosphere.
Weather Forecasters
Tornado Chasers

9. 3. Geology: the study of the origin, history, and structure of Earth.

10. 4. Oceanography: the study of the life and properties of Earth’s oceans.
JACQUES COUSTEAU

11. How much of our Earth is covered by OCEAN water?

12. almost three-fourths!

13. 5. Environmental Science: the study of the interactions of organisms and their surroundings.

14. B. Earth’s Systems

15. Geosphere: the area from the surface of Earth down to its center.
Three main parts:
Crust
Mantle
Core
Inner core
Outer core

16. Atmosphere: the blanket of gases that surrounds our planet.

17. Hydrosphere: all the water on Earth.

18. Biosphere: all organisms on Earth and the environments in which they live.

19. II. Methods of Scientists
Scientific Methods: series of organized problem-solving procedures that help scientists conduct experiments.
There are five (5) steps to the SCIENTIFIC METHOD:

20. 1. State the Problem, or…Ask a Question?
Observation: use of senses to gather information about the world.

21. 2. Gather Information
To investigate a problem, one must gather information…
Measurement: comparing some aspect of an object with a standard unit.
inches, feet, miles ounces, pounds, tons

22. 3. Form a Hypothesis
Hypothesis: a possible solution to a problem (an educated guess)

23. 4. Test the Hypothesis
Experimentation: procedure carried out to prove or disprove a hypothesis.

24. (a) Independent Variable: variable that you, the experimenter, changes
(b) Dependent Variable: variable that is affected by changes in the independent variable; factor being measured (depends on the independent variable)
(c) Constants – things that never change during the experiment

25. Scientific Method Scenario:
David read that Fox break pads and Best Break pads were the best on the market. He always used NAPA pads and believed they performed the best. He decided to test all three pads and determine which was the best. David used the same car for each set of pads. He drove 25 mph and applied the breaks at the same point on the track. David then measured how many feet the car took to stop after the breaks were applied.
1. The hypothesis was: ____________________________________
2. The effects of the ________________(independent variable)
on the __________________________________ (dependent variable).
3. List three constants:
______________________________________

26. 5. State a Conclusion
After many experiments and observations, the hypothesis is either proved or disproved…

27. Scientific FACT:
a controlled, repeatable and rigorously verified observation

28. Scientific THEORY:
an explanation based on many observations during repeated investigations
the best available explanation of a phenomenon
a hypothesis that is supported by the experiments
may change with the discovery of new data

29. Scientific LAW: a theory that is proven every time it is tested
describes the behavior of a natural phenomenon
a ‘rule of nature’
cause of the law may not be known
describes things; does not explain them
accepted based on observations or experiments

30. "Scientific laws are the evidence used to support a conclusion
"Scientific laws are the evidence used to support a conclusion.  Scientific theories are our best attempts at explaining the behavior of the world, in ways that can be tested by further experiment.  The facts (the scientific laws) must convince us that our theory is a good explanation for what happened."

31. Meteorite Impact Theory

32. Explains the extinction of the dinosaurs

33. Meteorite hit the earth 65 million years ago
The impact created so much dust it blocked out the sun
No sun, no plants…almost everything died

34. Proof:
Computer models
Deformed quartz
Iridium around the impact site

35. III. Communication in Science
lab reports
graphs
models