1. Students
Test info
Avg = 23.1 (out of 36) = 64.2%
Range = 14 – 32
Corrections due Thursday
Most missed
A B End Times
4 13
12 17
13 15
th: 12:39
th: :10
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2. Students
Get 2 handouts – instructions & example of review project
Turn in test corrections – stapled in this order
Test
2 ½ sheets
Corrections
Transport – today
Tomorrow is the Goodest of Fridays
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3. Chapter 29 Plant Diversity
What are the characteristics of plants?
Photosynthetic autotrophs
Cellulose in cell walls
Starch as storage polysaccharide
PROBLEM – light, CO2 & O2 are above ground
- water & minerals are below ground
SOLUTION – evolution of specialized structures
What adaptations do plants have for survival on land?
Stomata – pores used for gas exchange
Roots – absorb water & minerals from underground
Apical meristems – tips of shoots & roots where growth occurs
Cuticle – waxy covering to prevent water loss thru leaves
Jacketed gametangia – gamete producing organ with protective jacket of cells to prevent dehydration
Sporopollenin – polymer that formed around exposed zygotes & forms walls of plant spores preventing dehydration
Lignin – structural polymer that provides strength for woody tissues of vascular plants
Algae also

4. Chapter 29: Plant Diversity
What are the characteristics of plants?
What adaptations do plants have for survival on land?
3. What were the adaptations/highlights of plant evolution?
Plants likely evolved from Charophytes (green algae)
similar peroxisome enzymes
similar %age of cellulose found in plants & charophytes
nuclear & chloroplast genes have similar DNA
Movement to land led to Bryophytes (mosses & worts)
Tougher spores (sporopollenin)
Jacketed gametangia
Vascular tissue (ferns)
Cells joined to transport water & nutrients
Lacked seeds
Development of seeds (Gymnosperms)
More protection of embryo
Embryo w/ food
Development of flowers (Angiosperms)
Complex reproductive structure

5. Figure 29.7 Highlights of plant evolution
Bryophytes
(nonvascular plants)
Seedless vascular plants
Seed plants
Vascular plants
Land plants
Origin of seed plants
(about 360 mya)
Origin of vascular
plants (about 420 mya)
Origin of land plants
(about 475 mya)
Ancestral
green alga
Charophyceans
Liverworts
Hornworts
Mosses
Lycophytes
(club mosses, spike mosses, quillworts)
Pterophytes
(ferns, horsetails, whisk ferns)
Gymnosperms
Angiosperms

6. Alternation of generations: a generalized scheme
Chapter 29 Plant Diversity
What are the characteristics of plants?
What adaptations do plants have for survival on land?
What were the adaptations/highlights of plant evolution?
How did plants evolve from green algae?
Natural selection
Algae best suited genetically for a drier climate (low water in a lake) could reproduce & pass along those genes to create a new population of better adapted “algae”
5. Describe alternation of generations
Alternates between sexual
& asexual reproduction
Gametophyte (n) make gametes
by mitosis
Sporophyte (2n) makes spores
by meiosis
Haploid multicellular
organism (gametophyte)
Mitosis
Gametes
Zygote
Diploid multicellular
organism (sporophyte)
Alternation of generations: a generalized scheme
MEIOSIS
FERTILIZATION 2n n
Spores

7. Figure 29.8 The life cycle of a Polytrichum moss
Mature sporophytes
Young sporophytes
Male
gametophyte
Raindrop
Sperm
Key
Haploid (n)
Diploid (2n)
Antheridia
Female gametophyte
Egg
Arch- egonia
FERTILIZATION
(within archegonium)
Zygote
Archegonium
Embryo
Female gametophytes
Gametophore
Foot
Capsule (sporangium)
Seta
Peristome
Spores
Protonemata
“Bud”
MEIOSIS
Sporangium
Calyptra
Capsule with peristome (LM)
Rhizoid
Mature
sporophytes

8. Figure 29.9 Bryophyte Diversity
LIVERWORTS (PHYLUM HEPATOPHYTA)
HORNWORTS (PHYLUM ANTHOCEROPHYTA)
MOSSES (PHYLUM BRYOPHYTA)
Gametophore of
female gametophyte
Marchantia polymorpha,
a “thalloid” liverwort
Foot
Sporangium
Seta
500 µm
Marchantia sporophyte (LM)
Plagiochila
deltoidea,
a “leafy”
liverwort
An Anthoceros
hornwort species
Sporophyte
Gametophyte
Polytrichum commune,
hairy-cap moss

9. Figure 29.12 The life cycle of a fern
Sporangia release spores.
Most fern species produce a single
type of spore that gives rise to a
bisexual gametophyte. 1
The fern spore
develops into a small,
photosynthetic gametophyte. 2
Although this illustration
shows an egg and sperm
from the same gametophyte,
a variety of mechanisms
promote cross-fertilization
between gametophytes. 3
Key
Haploid (n)
Diploid (2n)
Antheridium
Spore
Young
gametophyte
MEIOSIS
Sporangium
Archegonium
Sperm
Egg
Mature
sporophyte
New
sporophyte
Zygote
Sporangium
FERTILIZATION
Sorus
On the underside
of the sporophyte‘s
reproductive leaves
are spots called sori.
Each sorus is a
cluster of sporangia. 6
Fern sperm use flagella
to swim from the antheridia
to eggs in the archegonia. 4
Gametophyte
Fiddlehead
A zygote develops into a new
sporophyte, and the young plant
grows out from an archegonium
of its parent, the gametophyte. 5

10. Figure 29.14 Seedless Vascular Plant Diversity
LYCOPHYTES (PHYLUM LYCOPHYTA)
PTEROPHYTES (PHYLUM PTEROPHYTA)
WHISK FERNS AND RELATIVES
HORSETAILS
FERNS
Isoetes
gunnii,
a quillwort
Selaginella apoda,
a spike moss
Diphasiastrum tristachyum, a club moss
Strobili
(clusters of
sporophylls)
Psilotum
nudum,
a whisk
fern
Equisetum
arvense,
field
horsetail
Vegetative stem
Strobilus on
fertile stem
Athyrium
filix-femina,
lady fern

11. Chapter 30: The Evolution of Seed Plants
6. What are the 3 most important reproductive adaptations?
Reduction of the gametophyte
Advent of the seed – replaced spore
Evolution of pollen – male gametophyte
Air dispersal instead of sperm swimming

12. Figure 30.2 Gametophyte/sporophyte relationships
Sporophyte dependent
on gametophyte
(mosses and other
bryophytes).
(a)
Large sporophyte and
small, independent
gametophyte (ferns
and other seedless
vascular plants).
(b)
Microscopic female
gametophytes (n) in
ovulate cones
(dependent)
Sporophyte (2n),
the flowering plant
(independent)
Microscopic male
gametophytes (n)
inside these parts
of flowers
in pollen cones
Sporophyte (2n)
Reduced gametophyte dependent on sporophyte
(seed plants: gymnosperms and angiosperms).
(c)
Gametophyte
(n)
Sporophyte
(2n)

13. Chapter 30: The Evolution of Seed Plants
6. What are the 3 most important reproductive adaptations?
Reduction of the gametophyte
Advent of the seed – replaced spore as
Evolution of pollen – male gametophyte
7. How does an ovule become a seed?
Fertilization
Growth of the embryo

14. Figure 30.3 From ovule to seed
Unfertilized ovule. In this sectional
view through the ovule of a pine
(a gymnosperm), a fleshy
megasporangium is surrounded by
a protective layer of tissue called
an integument. (Angiosperms
have two integuments.)
(a)
Fertilized ovule. A megaspore
develops into a multicellular
female gametophyte. The
micropyle, the only opening
through the integument, allows
entry of a pollen grain. The
pollen grain contains a male
gametophyte, which develops
a pollen tube that discharges
sperm.
(b)
Gymnosperm seed. Fertilization
initiates the transformation of
the ovule into a seed, which
consists of a sporophyte embryo,
a food supply, and a protective
seed coat derived from the
integument.
(c)
Integument
Spore wall
Megasporangium
(2n)
Megaspore (n)
Male gametophyte
(within germinating
pollen grain) (n)
Female
gametophyte (n)
Egg nucleus (n)
Discharged
sperm nucleus (n)
Pollen grain (n)
Micropyle
Seed coat
(derived from
integument)
Food supply
(female
gametophyte
tissue) (n)
Embryo (2n)
(new sporophyte)

15. Chapter 30: The Evolution of Seed Plants
What are the 3 most important reproductive adaptations?
How does an ovule become a seed?
What’s the difference between a megaspore & a microspore?
Megasporangia  megaspores  female gametophytes (eggs)
Microsporangia  microspores  male gametophytes (sperm)
9. What are gymnosperms?
“naked seed” plants
Pines, spruce, fir, sequoia, yews, junipers, ginkgo
Most lumber & paper products
The gymnosperm life cycle…

16. Figure 30.6 The life cycle of a pine
MEIOSIS
Surviving
megaspore (n)
Germinating
pollen grain
Archegonium
Integument
Egg (n)
Female
gametophyte
pollen grain (n)
Discharged
sperm nucleus (n)
Pollen
tube
Egg nucleus (n)
Ovule
Key
Haploid (n)
Diploid (2n)
Megasporocyte (2n)
Longitudinal
section of
ovulate cone
Ovulate
cone
Mature
sporophyte
(2n)
pollen cone
Microsporocytes
grains (n)
(containing male
gametophytes)
Micropyle
Megasporangium
Sporophyll
Microsporangium
FERTILIZATION
Seed coat
(derived from
parent
sporophyte) (2n)
Food reserves
(gametophyte
tissue) (n)
Embryo
(new sporophyte)
(2n)
Seeds on surface
of ovulate scale
Seedling

17. Chapter 30: The Evolution of Seed Plants
What are the 3 most important reproductive adaptations?
How does an ovule become a seed?
What’s the difference between a megaspore & a microspore?
What are gymnosperms?
“naked seed” plants
Pines, spruce, fir, sequoia, yews, junipers, ginkgo
Most lumber & paper products
The gymnosperm life cycle…
10. What are angiosperms?
- Flowering plants
11. What is a flower?
- Reproductive structure of an angiosperm

18. Figure 30.7 The structure of an idealized flower
Anther
Filament
Stigma
Style
Ovary
Carpel
Petal
Receptacle
Ovule
Sepal
Stamen
Female structures
Male structures

19. Chapter 30: The Evolution of Seed Plants
What are the 3 most important reproductive adaptations?
How does an ovule become a seed?
What’s the difference between a megaspore & a microspore?
What are gymnosperms?
What are angiosperms?
What is a flower?
Reproductive structure of an angiosperm
12. What is a fruit?
Mature ovary
Helps seed dispersal

20. Figure 30.8 Some variations in fruit structure
Ruby grapefruit, a fleshy fruit
with a hard outer layer and
soft inner layer of pericarp
(b)
Tomato, a fleshy fruit with
soft outer and inner layers
of pericarp
(a)
Nectarine, a fleshy
fruit with a soft outer
layer and hard inner
layer (pit) of pericarp
(c)
Walnut, a dry fruit that
remains closed at maturity
(e)
(d)
Milkweed, a dry fruit that
splits open at maturity

21. Figure 30.9 Fruit adaptations that enhance seed dispersal
Wings enable maple fruits
to be easily carried by the wind.
(a)
Seeds within berries and other
edible fruits are often dispersed
in animal feces.
(b)
The barbs of cockleburs
facilitate seed dispersal by
allowing the fruits to
“hitchhike” on animals.
(c)

22. Chapter 30: The Evolution of Seed Plants
What are the 3 most important reproductive adaptations?
How does an ovule become a seed?
What’s the difference between a megaspore & a microspore?
What are gymnosperms?
What are angiosperms?
What is a flower?
What is a fruit?
The angiosperm life cycle….

23. Figure 30.10 The life cycle of an angiosperm
Nucleus of
developing
endosperm
(3n)
Zygote (2n)
FERTILIZATION
Embryo (2n)
Endosperm
(food
supply) (3n)
Seed coat (2n)
Seed
Germinating
seed
Pollen
tube
Sperm
Stigma
grains
Style
Discharged
sperm nuclei (n)
Egg
nucleus (n)
Mature flower on
sporophyte plant
(2n)
Key
Haploid (n)
Diploid (2n)
Anther
Ovule with
megasporangium (2n)
Male gametophyte
(in pollen grain)
Microspore (n)
MEIOSIS
Microsporangium
Microsporocytes (2n)
Generative cell
Tube cell
Surviving
megaspore
(n)
Ovary
Megasporangium
Female gametophyte
(embryo sac)
Antipodal cells
Polar nuclei
Synergids
Egg (n)
Double fertilization

24. Chapter 30: The Evolution of Seed Plants
What are the 3 most important reproductive adaptations?
How does an ovule become a seed?
What’s the difference between a megaspore & a microspore?
What are gymnosperms?
What are angiosperms?
What is a flower?
What is a fruit?
The angiosperm life cycle….
Why is double fertilization important?
Synchronizes food development with embryo development
Prevents angiosperms from wasting nutrients on unfertilized ovules
15. What are the 2 general types of angiosperms?
Monocots
Eudicots

25. Dog rose (Rosa canina), a wild rose
Orchid
(Lemboglossum
rossii)
Monocot
Characteristics
Embryos
Leaf
venation
Stems
Root
Pollen
Flowers
Pollen grain with
one opening
Root system
Usually fibrous
(no main root)
Vascular tissue
scattered
Veins usually
parallel
One cotyledon
Two cotyledons
netlike
usually arranged
in ring
Taproot (main root)
usually present
three openings
Zucchini (Cucurbita
Pepo), female
(left) and male flowers
Pea (Lathyrus nervosus,
Lord Anson’s blue pea),
a legume
Dog rose (Rosa canina), a wild rose
Pygmy date palm
(Phoenix roebelenii)
Lily (Lilium
“Enchant-
ment”)
Barley (Hordeum vulgare),
a grass
Anther
Stigma
California
poppy
(Eschscholzia
californica)
Pyrenean oak
(Quercus
pyrenaica)
Floral organs
usually in
multiples of three
Floral organs usually
in multiples of
four or five
Filament
Ovary
Eudicot
MONOCOTS
EUDICOTS

26. Table 29.1 Ten Phyla of Extant Plants