1. Reasoning Rationally

2. Formal Reasoning
Algorithms and Logic

3. Algorithms—set of procedures guaranteed to produce a solution, even if you don’t know how it works. Ex-assembly instructions

4. Deductive reasoning—if the premises are true, the conclusion must be true.

5. Inductive reasoning—although the premises support the conclusion, the conclusion may not be true.

6. Informal Reasoning
Heuristics and dialectical thinking—information may be incomplete; many viewpoints compete; no established problem-solving procedures. (Like real life.)

7. Heuristics—rules of thumb that suggest a course of action without guaranteeing a correct solution.

8. Dialectical reasoning—ability to evaluate opposing points of view

9. Reflective judgment—critical thinking and the ability to evaluate and integrate evidence, relate evidence to theory and opinion, and to reach and defend conclusions.