1. Characteristics of life include:
1. Movement (internal or gross)
2. Responsiveness (reaction to internal or external change)
3. Growth (increase in size without change in shape)
4. Reproduction (new organisms or new cells)
5. Respiration (use of oxygen; removal of CO2)
6. Digestion (breakdown of food into simpler forms)
7. Absorption (movement of substances through membranes and into fluids)
8. Circulation (movement within body fluids)
9. Assimilation (changing nutrients into chemically different forms)
10. Excretion (removal of metabolic wastes)
The total of all the chemical reactions that are continuously at work to maintain these characteristics constitutes metabolism.

3. Introduction:
A. The human body consists of 75 trillion cells that vary considerably in shape and size yet have much in common.
B. Differences in cell shape make different functions possible.

5. A Composite Cell:
A. A composite cell includes many different
cell structures.
B. A cell consists of three main parts---the nucleus, the cytoplasm, and the cell membrane.
C. Within the cytoplasm are specialized organelles that perform specific functions for the cell.

6. 2. General Characteristics of Cell Membrane
a. The cell membrane is extremely thin and selectively permeable.
b. It has a complex surface with adaptations to increase surface area.

7. 3. Cell Membrane Structure:
a. The basic framework of the cell membrane consists of a double layer of phospholipids, with fatty acid tails turned inward.
b. Molecules that are soluble in lipids (gases, steroid hormones) can pass through the lipid bilayer.

8. c. Embedded cholesterol molecules. strengthen the membrane and help
c. Embedded cholesterol molecules strengthen the membrane and help make the membrane less permeable to water-soluble substances.
d. Many types of proteins are found in the cell membrane, including transmembrane proteins and peripheral membrane proteins.

9. e. Membrane proteins perform a variety of functions and vary in shape.
f. Some proteins function as receptors on the cell surface
g. Other proteins aid the passage of molecules and ions.

10. h. Proteins protruding into the cell anchor
h. Proteins protruding into the cell anchor supportive rods and tubules.
i. Still other proteins have carbohydrates attached; these complexes are used in cell identification. Membrane proteins called cellular adhesion molecules (CAMs) help determine one cell’s interactions with others.

12. The Structure of the Cell Membrane
Section 7-3
Outside
of cell
Inside
(cytoplasm)
Cell
membrane 3 1 2 4

13. E. Cytoplasm:
1. The cytoplasm consists of a clear liquid (cytosol), a supportive cytoskeleton, and networks of membranes and organelles.
a. Endoplasmic reticulum is made up of membranes, flattened sacs, and vesicles, and provides a tubular transport system inside the cell.

14. i. With ribosomes, endoplasmic. reticulum (ER) is rough ER,
i. With ribosomes, endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is rough ER, and functions in protein synthesis.
ii. Without ribosomes, it is smooth ER, and functions in lipid synthesis.

15. b. Ribosomes are found with ER and. are scattered throughout the
b. Ribosomes are found with ER and are scattered throughout the cytoplasm. They are composed of protein and RNA and provide a structural support for the RNA molecules that come together in protein synthesis.

16. Fig. 3.04

17. c. The Golgi apparatus is composed of flattened
c. The Golgi apparatus is composed of flattened sacs, and refines, packages, modifies, and delivers proteins.
i. Vesicles form a “delivery service”, carrying chemicals throughout the cell.

19. ii. Very active cells contain thousands of mitochondria.
d. Mitochondria are the powerhouses of the cell and contain enzymes needed for aerobic respiration.
i. The inner membrane of the mitochondrion is folded into cristae which hold the enzymes needed in energy transformations to make ATP.
ii.  Very active cells contain thousands of mitochondria.

20. Fig. 3.06

21. e. Lysosomes are the "garbage disposals" of
e. Lysosomes are the "garbage disposals" of the cell and contain digestive enzymes to break up old cell components and bacteria.
f. Peroxisomes contain enzymes that function in the synthesis of bile acids, breakdown of lipids, degradation of rare biochemicals, and detoxification of alcohol.

22. g. Microfilaments and microtubules are thin,
g. Microfilaments and microtubules are thin, threadlike structures that serve as the cytoskeleton of the cell.
i. Microfilaments, made of actin, cause various cellular movements.
ii. Microtubules, made of the globular protein tubulin, are arranged in a
9 + 2 pattern of tubules.

23. Fig. 3.07

24. h. A centrosome is made up of two
h. A centrosome is made up of two hollow cylinders called centrioles that function in the separation of chromosomes during cell division.

25. Fig. 3.08

26. i. Cilia and flagella are motile extensions
i. Cilia and flagella are motile extensions from the cell; shorter cilia are abundant on the free surfaces of certain epithelial cells (respiratory linings, for example), and a lengthy flagellum can be found on sperm cells.

28. j. Vesicles form from part of the cell
j. Vesicles form from part of the cell membrane, or the Golgi apparatus,
and store materials.

29. F. Cell Nucleus:
1. The fairly large nucleus is bounded by a double-layered nuclear membrane containing relatively large nuclear pores that allow the passage of certain substances.

30. Fig. 3.10

31. a. The nucleolus is composed of. RNA and protein and is the
a. The nucleolus is composed of RNA and protein and is the site of ribosome production.
b. Chromatin consists of loosely coiled fibers of protein and DNA.

32. Fig. 3.02

33. Pg 59

34. Section 7-2 10 4 3 2 1 11 9 8 7 6 5
Animal Cell

35. Movements Through Cell Membranes
A. The cell membrane controls what passes through it.
B. Mechanisms of movement across the membrane may be passive, requiring no energy from the cell (diffusion, facilitated diffusion, osmosis, and filtration) or active mechanisms, requiring cellular energy (active transport, endocytosis, and exocytosis).

37. DIFFUSION

38. High O2 Low O2 High CO2 Low CO2 Diffusion Slide number: 2
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39. High O2 Low O2 High CO2 Low CO2 Diffusion Slide number: 3
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40. Fig. 3.16a

41. Fig. 3.16b

43. Osmosis Slide number: 2 Selectively permeable membrane
Protein molecule
Water molecule A B 1
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44. Osmosis Slide number: 3 Selectively permeable membrane
Protein molecule
Water molecule A B 1
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45. Osmosis Slide number: 4 A B 2 Time
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46. Osmosis Slide number: 5 Protein molecule Selectively permeable
Water molecule
Selectively
permeable
membrane A B 2
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47. Osmosis Slide number: 1 Selectively permeable membrane
Protein molecule
Water molecule A A B B 1 2
Time
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48. Facilitated diffusion
Slide number: 2
Region of higher
concentration
Region of lower
concentration
Protein carrier
molecule
Cell
membrane
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49. Facilitated diffusion
Slide number: 3
Region of higher
concentration
Transported
substance
Region of lower
concentration
Protein carrier
molecule
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50. Capillary wall Tissue fluid Larger molecules Smaller molecules
Filtration example
Slide number: 2
Capillary wall
Tissue fluid
Larger molecules
Smaller molecules
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51. Capillary wall Tissue fluid Blood pressure Larger molecules
Filtration example
Slide number: 3
EDEMA
Capillary wall
Tissue fluid
Blood pressure
Larger molecules
Smaller molecules
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52. Active transport Slide number: 2 Carrier protein Binding site
Region of higher
concentration
Cell membrane
Region of lower
concentration
Phospholipid
molecules
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53. Active transport Slide number: 3 Carrier protein Binding site
Region of higher
concentration
Region of lower
concentration
Transported
particle
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54. Active transport Slide number: 4 Carrier protein with altered shape
Region of higher
concentration
Region of lower
concentration
Cellular
energy
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55. Sodium-Potassium Pump

56. Endocytosis and Exocytosis

57. Endocytosis and Exocytosis

58. Receptor-mediated endocytosis
Slide number: 2
Molecules
outside cell
Receptor
protein
Cell
membrane
Cytoplasm
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59. Receptor-mediated endocytosis
Slide number: 3
Receptor-ligand
combination
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60. Receptor-mediated endocytosis
Slide number: 4
Cell
membrane
indenting
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61. Receptor-mediated endocytosis
Slide number: 5
Vesicle
Cytoplasm
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62. Receptor-mediated endocytosis
Slide number: 1
Molecules
outside cell
Receptor-ligand
combination
Receptor
protein
Cell
membrane
Vesicle
Cell
membrane
indenting
Cytoplasm
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63. Pg 65
Table. 3.02

64. Why Cells have to divide

66. Most cells only divide every 40 – 60 times,
called the Hayflick Limit.
Some cells divide the the maximum number
of times – cells that line the small intestine
Some cells normally don’t divide at all
– nerve cells
Telomeres – At the chromosome tips. They
shorten with each mitosis until they get to a
certain length when the cell will stop dividing

67. There are 260 specialized types of cells.
The process of specialization from one egg
cell is called differentiation.

68. Mitosis and cytokinesis
Slide number: 2
Early interphase
of daughter cells—
a time of normal cell
growth and function.
Restriction
checkpoint A
Mitosis
Cytokinesis
G1 phase
S phase
G2 phase
Interphase
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69. Mitosis and cytokinesis
Slide number: 3
Restriction
checkpoint
Mitosis
Cytokinesis
G1 phase
S phase
G2 phase
Interphase
Chromatin
fibers
Nuclear
envelope
Centrioles
Late Interphase
Cell has passed the restriction
checkpoint and completed DNA
replication, as well as replication
of centrioles and mitochondria,
and synthesis of extra membrane.
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70. Mitosis and cytokinesis
Slide number: 4
Mitosis
Cytokinesis
G1 phase
S phase
G2 phase
Interphase
Prophase
Chromosomes condense
and become visible.
Nuclear envelope and
nucleolus disperse.
Spindle apparatus forms.
Aster
Microtubules B
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71. Mitosis and cytokinesis
Slide number: 5
Mitosis
Cytokinesis
G1 phase
S phase
G2 phase
Interphase B
Centromere
Spindle fiber
Late prophase
Sister chromatids
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72. Mitosis and cytokinesis
Slide number: 6
Mitosis
Cytokinesis
G1 phase
S phase
G2 phase
Interphase
Metaphase
Chromosomes align
along equator, or
metaphase plate of cell. C
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73. Mitosis and cytokinesis
Slide number: 7
Mitosis
Cytokinesis
G1 phase
S phase
G2 phase
Interphase
Anaphase
Sister chromatids
separate to opposite
poles of cell. D
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74. Mitosis and cytokinesis
Slide number: 8
Mitosis
Cytokinesis
G1 phase
S phase
G2 phase
Interphase
Telophase and cytokinesis
Nuclear envelopes begin to
reassemble around two
daughter nuclei. Chromosomes
decondense. Spindle disappears.
Division of the cytoplasm
into two cells.
Cleavage
furrow E
Chromosomes
Nuclear
envelopes
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75. Mitosis and cytokinesis
Slide number: 9
Early interphase
of daughter cells—
a time of normal cell
growth and function.
Restriction
checkpoint A
Mitosis
Cytokinesis
G1 phase
S phase
G2 phase
Interphase
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76. Mitosis and cytokinesis
Slide number: 1
Late
interphase
Restriction
checkpoint A
Early interphase
Mitosis
Cytokinesis
G1 phase
S phase
G2 phase
Interphase
Chromatin
fibers
Nuclear
envelope
Centrioles
Cleavage
furrow
Prophase
Aster
Microtubules E B
Centromere
Telophase
and
cytokinesis
Spindle fiber
Late prophase
Chromosomes
Nuclear
envelopes
Sister chromatids D C
Anaphase
Metaphase
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77. Fig. 3.22

78. Fig. 3.23

79. Chapter 3
Organelles