1. Item 3: Units and Sectors
ESTP course - ESA 2010 National Accounts
Luxembourg, 30 May - 3 June 2016 Eurostat

2. Units and Sectors Limits of the economy Institutional units
Institutional sectors

3. Limits of the economy
Activity of units that have centre of predominant economic interest on economic territory (resident units)

4. Limits of the economy Economic territory, includes geographical
including free zones
national air-space
territorial waters
continental shelf
territorial enclaves
oil/gas reserves

5. Limits of the economy Economic territory, excludes
Extraterritorial enclaves
GG agencies of other countries
institutions of the EU
international organisations

6. Centre of predominant economic interest
Location where a unit engages in economic activity indefinitely or for more than one year
Owners of land and buildings

7. Resident units
Production, finance, insurance or redistribution activity
Consumption
Owners of land and buildings

8. Resident units - Households
Resident providing periods spent abroad less than one year, includes:
border workers
seasonal workers
tourists, businessmen, crew members
locally recruited staff of extraterritorial enclaves
Students – always resident irrespective of study time abroad

9. Institutional units Decision-making units
autonomy of decision of the entity
own goods and assets
take economic decisions
accountable at law
incur liabilities
complete set of account (ability not publication)
households

10. Institutional units Head offices and holding companies
Groups of corporations
Special purpose entities
Captive financial institutions
Artificial subsidiaries
Special purpose units of general government

11. Institutional sectors
Corporations (incl Quasi Corporations) Non-financial (S.11) Financial (S.12) Government (S.13) Households (S.14) Non-profit institutions (NPISH) (S.15) Rest of the World (S.2)

12. Non-financial corporations
Principally engaged in production of market goods and non-financial services
private corporations
co-operatives and partnerships
public producers recognised as separate units
non-profit institutions serving corporations
head offices controlling a group of corporations
SPEs
private and public quasi-corporations

13. Focus on…Quasi-corporations
Bodies without legal status, but which meet the following criteria:
Keep a complete (separate) set of accounts
Economic and financial behaviour that is different from the owners and similar to corporations
Includes unincorporated bodies owned by households and government – difficult borderline issue to decide what behaviour is similar to corporations!

14. Financial corporations
Principally engaged in financial intermediation and financial auxiliaries
Financial intermediation means
acquire assets and incur liabilities on own account
transform/repackage maturity, scale, risk
Financial auxiliaries facilitate financial intermediation, but do not acquire assets or incur liabilities

15. Financial corporations – sub-sectors
Central bank (S.121)
Deposit-taking corporations, except the central bank (S.122)
Money market funds (MMF) (S.123)
Non-MMF investment funds (S.124)
Other financial intermediaries, except insurance corporations and pension funds (S.125)
Financial auxiliaries (S.126)
Captive financial institutions and money lenders (S.127)
Insurance corporations (S.128)
Pension funds (S.129)

16. S.121 Central Bank Definition: Examples:
financial corporations and quasi-corporations whose principal function is to issue currency, to maintain the internal and external value of the currency and to hold all or part of the international reserves of the country
Examples:
the national central bank, including when it is part of a European system of central banks
central monetary agencies of essentially public origin (e.g. agencies managing foreign exchange or issuing currency) which keep a complete set of accounts and enjoy autonomy of decision in relation to central government

17. S.122 Other Monetary and Financial Institutions
Definition:
deposit-taking corporations except the central bank subsector (S.122) includes all financial corporations and quasi-corporations which are principally engaged in financial intermediation and whose business is to receive deposits from institutional units and to grant loans and/or to make investments in securities

18. S.122 Other Monetary and Financial Institutions
Examples:
commercial banks, 'universal' banks, 'all-purpose' banks
savings banks
post office giro institutions, post banks, giro banks
rural credit banks, agricultural credit banks
cooperative credit banks, credit unions
specialised banks (e.g. merchant banks, issuing houses, private banks)
electronic money institutions principally engaged in financial intermediation

19. S.123 Money market funds (MMF)
Definition:
financial corporations and quasi-corporations, except those classified in the central bank and in the credit institutions subsectors, which are principally engaged in financial intermediation. Their business is to issue investment fund shares or units as close substitutes for deposits and to make investments primarily in money market fund shares/units, short-term debt securities, and/or deposits
Examples:
investment funds including investment trusts, unit trusts and other collective investment schemes whose shares or units are close substitutes for deposits

20. S.124 Non-Money-Market Investment Funds
Definition:
collective investment schemes, except those classified in the MMF subsector, which are principally engaged in financial intermediation. Their business is to issue investment fund shares or units which are not close substitutes for deposits and to make investments primarily in financial assets other than short-term financial assets and in non-financial assets (usually real estate)

21. S.124 Non-Money-Market Investment Funds
Examples:
open-ended investment funds whose investment fund shares or units are repurchased or redeemed directly or indirectly out of the undertaking's assets
closed-ended investment funds with a fixed share capital, where investors entering or leaving the fund must buy or sell existing shares
real estate investment funds
investment funds investing in other funds ('funds of funds')
hedge funds

22. S.125 Other financial intermediaries
Definition:
financial corporations and quasi-corporations which are principally engaged in financial intermediation by incurring liabilities in forms other than currency, deposits, or investment fund shares, or in relation to insurance, pension and standardised guarantee schemes
Examples:
security and derivative dealers
financial leasing
hire purchase and the provision of personal or commercial finance
factoring
venture and development capital companies
export/import financing companies

23. S.126 Financial auxiliaries
Definition:
financial corporations and quasi-corporations which are principally engaged in activities closely related to financial intermediation but which are not financial intermediaries themselves

24. S.126 Financial auxiliaries
Examples:
insurance brokers, salvage and average administrators, insurance and pension consultants
loan brokers, securities brokers, investment advisers
flotation corporations that manage the issue of securities
corporations whose principal function is to guarantee, by endorsement, bills and similar instruments
corporations which arrange derivative and hedging instruments, such as swaps, options and futures (without issuing them)
corporations providing infrastructure for financial markets
central supervisory authorities of financial intermediaries and financial markets
managers of pension funds, mutual funds
corporations providing stock exchange and insurance exchange
non-profit institutions recognised as independent legal entities serving financial corporations
payment institutions (facilitating payments between buyer and seller)

25. S.127 Captive financial institutions
Definition:
financial corporations and quasi-corporations which are neither engaged in financial intermediation nor in providing financial auxiliary services, and where most of either their assets or their liabilities are not transacted on open markets
Examples:
trusts, estates, agencies accounts or 'brass plate' companies
holding companies
SPEs that qualify as institutional units and raise funds in open markets
money lenders, corporations engaged in lending to students or for foreign trade, pawnshops
special purpose government funds, usually called sovereign wealth funds, if classified as financial corporations

26. Special purpose entities (SPEs)
What are they?
A special purpose entity (SPE) or special purpose vehicle (SPV) is usually a limited company or a limited partnership, created to fulfil narrow, specific or temporary objectives and to isolate a financial risk, a specific taxation or a regulatory risk

27. Special purpose entities (SPEs)
No common definition, but the following characteristics are typical:
no employees and no non-financial assets
little physical presence beyond a 'brass plate' or sign confirming their place of registration
always related to another corporation, often as a subsidiary
resident in a different territory from the territory of residence of the related corporations. In the absence of any physical presence an enterprise's residence is determined according to the economic territory under whose laws the enterprise is incorporated or registered
managed by employees of another corporation which may or may not be a related one. The SPE pays fees for services provided to it and in turn charges its parent or other related corporation a fee to cover those costs. This is the only production the SPE is involved in, although it will often incur liabilities on behalf of its owner and will usually receive investment income and holding gains on the assets it holds

28. S.128 Insurance corporations
Definition:
financial corporations and quasi-corporations which are principally engaged in financial intermediation as a consequence of the pooling of risks mainly in the form of direct insurance or reinsurance
Examples:
life
non-life insurance to individual units or groups of units
fire, liability (casualty), motor, marine, aviation, transport, accident, health, financial insurance (provision of guarantees or surety bonds)
reinsurance to other insurance corporations
insurance bought by an insurer to protect against an unexpectedly large number of claims or exceptionally heavy claims

29. S.129 Pension Funds Definition: Examples:
financial corporations and quasi-corporations which are principally engaged in financial intermediation as the consequence of the pooling of social risks and needs of the insured persons (social insurance). Pension funds as social insurance schemes provide income in retirement, and often benefits for death and disability
Examples:
funds of single enterprise or a group of enterprises, employees of a branch or industry, and persons having the same profession
benefits include can be:
paid after the death of the insured to the widow(er) and children
paid after retirement
paid after the insured becomes disabled

30. General Government Produces non-market services
for individual and collective consumption
Redistributes income or wealth
Sub-sectors
Central (S.1311)
State (S.1312)
Local (S.1313)
Social security funds (S.1314)

31. Households Consumers Person living in institutions
Entrepreneurs (market producers)
Producers exclusively for own final use
Sub-sectors
Employers (S.141) and own-account workers (S.142)
Employees (S.143)
Recipients of property income (S.1441)
Recipients of pensions (S.1442)
Recipients of other transfers (S.1443)

32. Non-profit institutions serving households (NPISH)
Separate legal entities
Serving households
Resources mainly voluntary contributions
examples trade unions, political parties, churches, charities; hospitals/universities!

33. Rest of the World
Not strictly sector = non-residents transactions within our economy  Only counter-part (mirror) of national economy Session tomorrow on BOP and rest of the world!