1. Chemical Compounds in Cells
Chapter 3, Section 1

2. Elements & Compounds
Tiny particles make up everything from cells to air
The particles can be elements or compounds
An element is a substance that cannot be broken down into smaller substances (like oxygen or nitrogen)
A compound is two or more elements chemically combined
ex. Carbon dioxide CO2

3. Water Compound- made up of 2 Hydrogen atoms and one oxygen
Chemical formula H2O
Most chemicals necessary for life in a cell dissolve in water
Makes up 2/3 of your body
Helps cells keep size and shape
Helps maintain constant temperature

4. Solutions A solution is a liquid mixture
Solute- what dissolves (example: sugar)
Solvent-what it dissolves in (example:water)
Concentration- changes depending on how much solute and solvent there is

5. Inorganic & Organic Compounds
All compounds in living things contain CARBON- they are called organic
Any compound that does not have carbon is inorganic

6. Biomolecules Organic compounds found in living things: Carbohydrates
Lipids
Proteins
Nucleic acids

7. Monomer: small parts
Polymer- a bunch of monomers put together

8. Carbohydrates Energy rich Made of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen
Examples: sugars and starches
Sugar produced by photosynthesis (glucose), if plants make extra, they convert
the sugar to starch and store it

9. Single sugar: monosaccharide (glucose)
2 sugars: disaccharide (sucrose, lactose)
Simple carbohydrates
Multiple sugars: polysaccharide (starch)
Complex carbohydrates

10. Cells use carbohydrates as
A source of energy
Structural material
Ex: shells of lobsters and crabs are made of chitin
Cell walls of plants are made of cellulose
Cellular identification
Cells recognize other cells by their carbohydrates

11. Lipids Fats, oils & waxes
Energy rich, made of carbon, hydrogen & oxygen
More energy than carbs
Make up cell membranes

12. Lipid functions Lipids repel water Monomer: fatty acid Main functions
Storing energy: Animals store fat-when food is low the fat is broken down to release energy
Control water movement: wax on stems and leaves prevent evaporation, waxy feathers keep aquatic birds dry

13. Proteins
Large molecules made up of C, H, O, nitrogen and sometime sulfur
Hair, nails, bird’s feathers, spider webs= protein
Proteins are made up of smaller molecules called amino acids
There are about 20 different amino acids

14. Protein Functions Much of the cell structure is protein
Cell membranes & organelle membranes
Some proteins are specialized and form enzymes

15. Enzymes
Special proteins that lower the amount of energy needed for a chemical reaction to occur
We could not live without enzymes

16. Nucleic Acids Very long organic molecules
Made up of C, O, H, N, and Phosphorus
Two kinds:
DNA- deoxyribonucleic acid
RNA- ribonucleic acid

17. It is a long chain of nucleotide units
A nucleotide is a molecule made up of 3 parts: a sugar, a base, and a phosphate group
Store and transmit heredity information