1. MACROMOLECULES

2. The Big Idea…
Living organisms are made up of
carbon-bases molecules

3. Objectives Describe the role of carbon in living organisms
Summarize the four major families of biological macromolecules
Compare the functions of each group of macromolecules

4. 4 essential elements to life {Q#1}
95% of your
body weight

5. The element CARBON

6. Carbon Component of almost all biologic molecules
Life on Earth is thought to be “carbon-based.”
Organic Chemistry – a branch of chemistry devoted completely to the study of carbon- based compounds

7. Carbon molecule Bohr’s diagram 4 valence electrons
Capable of forming 4 covalent bonds

8. Carbon molecules

9. Macromolecules Prefix: Macro- means: large aka: Biomolecules
aka: Polymers
Prefix: Poly- means: many
Repeating units of identical monomers
building blocks
4 categories (pg. 167)
Carbohydrates
Lipids
Proteins
Nucleic acids

10. Carbohydrates Carbon, Hydrogen, and Oxygen in a 1:2:1 ratio
Building blocks: monosaccharides
“Simple sugars”
Carbon, Hydrogen, and Oxygen in a 1:2:1 ratio

11. How we use carbohydrates
Mono- and disaccharides are an energy source
Glucose (chief energy source)
Sucrose
Lactose
Polysaccharides are energy storage molecules
Glycogen (liver and muscle cells)

12. Polysaccharides in nature
Cellulose
Plant cell walls
Chitin
Exoskeleton of insects and crustaceans
Fungi cell wall

13. Lipids Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen (CHO) Fats, oils, and waxes
Building blocks of lipids are fatty acids
Large, non-polar molecules
Hydrophobic - will not dissolve in water
Serve as barriers

14. Recall the cell membrane
Phospholipid bi-layer

15. Phospholipid review Heads are polar and attract water
hydrophilic
Tails are non-polar and repel water
hydrophobic

16. Lipids
Triglyceride
Made of glycerol
head and 3 fatty acid chains

17. Lipids
Steroids
Cholesterol
Hormones
Testosterone
Estrogen

18. Lipids in nature Cutin – a waxy coating covering leaves
Chlorophyll – green pigment molecule
Beeswax – honeycomb

19. Proteins
Building blocks – amino acids
Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen, and sometimes Sulfur (CHON S)
2 functional groups
Amino Group … -NH2
Carboxyl Group … -COOH

20. Amino Acids Same general structure 20 different amino acids
Combine in various ways to form polypeptides which join together to make a protein
Peptide bonds join amino acids together to form proteins in a condensation reaction (removal of water molecule)

21. 3-D Protein Structure
Primary – simple arrangement of the amino acids as they line up, in order, to form the protein

22. 3-D Protein Structure
Secondary - folding into a helix or pleated sheet (pg. 170)

23. 3-D Protein Structue
Tertiary – globular structure, as in hemoglobin

24. 3-D Protein Structure
Quaternary Structure – combination with other proteins

25. Protein Functions 15 percent of total human body mass
Hair, skin, muscles
Cells have about 10,000 different proteins
Transport proteins
Enzymes – thousands to control chemical reactions (aka biologic catalysts)

26. Nucleic Acids Building blocks – nucleotides
Composed of Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen, and Phosphorus atoms
Nucleotides are made of 3 parts:
Phosphate
Nitrogenous base
Ribose (5 carbon) sugar

27. Functions of Nucleic Acids
Carry the genetic information in cells
DNA – deoxyribose nucleic acid
Contains all the instructions for making every protein needed in a living organism
RNA – ribose nucleic acid
Copies and transfers the genetic information in DNA to ribosomes so that proteins can be made

28. Nucleotide ATP ATP is a special nucleotide with 3 phosphate groups
Storehouse of chemical energy
You will learn more about ATP in chapter 8

29. 8 review questions…

30. REVIEW
Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids are M___________________.
Proteins are made from A_______ A________ that are joined by P________ B__________.
L____________ make up fats, oils, and waxes.
DNA and RNA are examples of N____________ A________.

31. REVIEW Which two elements are always found in amino acids?
A. Nitrogen and Sulfur
Carbon and Oxygen
Hydrogen and Phosphorus
Sulfur and Oxygen

32. REVIEW Which joins amino acids together? A. Peptide bonds
B. Hydrogen Bonds
C. van der Waals forces
D. ionic bonds

33. REVIEW Which substance is not part of a nucleotide? A. a phosphate
B. a base
C. a sugar
D. water