1. Macromolecules = Organic Compounds
Organic compounds – compounds that contain carbon
Most Common Elements in living things: C, H, O, N, P, S
We will study:
Carbohydrates
Lipids
Proteins
Nucleic Acids

2. Building Blocks
Monomers (single units) are joined to build polymers

3. Carbohydrates: Functions
Major source of Energy (starch in plants, glycogen in animals)
Structure in plant cell walls

4. Carbohydrates: Where are they found?
Wheat
Breads
Pasta
Sugars (candy, cakes, etc.)
Fruits
Vegetables
Most are plant-based

5. Carbohydrates: Elements and Building Blocks
Structure: 5 or 6 carbon ring
Elements: C, H, O
Monomers – monosaccharide
(1 ring sugar)
ex: glucose C6H12O6

6. Carbohydrates: Examples and Diagrams
5 or 6 sided
rings!
Sugars: Glucose

7. Polymer=monomers bonded together
Polymers = polysaccharide
(multi-ring sugar)
- glycogen (animal-stored energy in the liver)
- starch (plant-stored energy)
- cellulose (plant cell walls)
- chitin (in exoskeleton or shell or insects)

8. Do now
1) Name the function of carbohydrates 2) Which foods provide us with carbs? 3) What is the monomer of carbs? What is an example? 4) Name 3 polymers of carbs and draw what they look like

9. Function: Lipids (fats) Stores energy for later use
Insulate the body to keep you warm
Build cell membrane structure
Wax on leaves: protective coating
Steroids: hormones/cholesterol

10. Location: Where do I find Lipids?
Foods: butter, oils, salad dressing
Plants: in the seeds
Animals: in the connective tissues
Cells: Cell membrane

11. Structure of Lipids Elements: C, H, O
Large non-polar molecules that DO NOT dissolve in water. Why?

12. Building Blocks Monomers – fatty acids and glycerol
Polymers – triglycerides (commonly fats, oils, waxes), phospholipids, steroids

13. Polymers of Lipids Triglycerides Saturated: animal fat Solid
Phospholipids
Saturated:
animal fat
Solid
Unsaturated:
Plant oil
liquids

14. Polymer of Lipids: Phosopholipid
Hydrophobic

15. Do Now
1) Name some functions of lipids 2) Which foods provide us with lipids? 3) What are two monomers of lipids 4) Name 2 polymers of lipids. 5) What are phospholipids for? Is the tail hydrophobic or hydrophilic? Is the head hydrophobic or hydrophilic?

16. Proteins Functions: Builds strong muscles
Collagen builds strong bones and connective tissue
Keratin builds strong skin, hair, and nails
Antibodies fight disease
Transport oxygen in blood in hemoglobin
ENZYMES reduce the time needed for reaction to start

17. Proteins Location: Where do I get proteins?
Animal products: meat, fish, dairy, eggs

18. Structural Proteins and Functional Proteins
Some proteins are structural and provide support in hair, horns, spider webs, etc.
Fig. 2-21

19. Proteins: Building Blocks
Elements: C, H, O, N, S
Monomers – Amino Acids (20 kinds)

21. Protein Polymer
Polymers: Polypeptides (long chain of amino acids bonded together)

22. Do Now Review What are some functions of proteins?
Which foods are high in protein?
What is the polymer of proteins?
What is the monomer of proteins?
How many different ones are there?

23. Protein Structure:
A protein is made of 1 or more polypeptides bonded together
chains are bent and folded(due to hydrogen bonding)

24. Protein Structure
Each protein has a special shape which determines its function
Temperature and pH changes the protein’s shape so it doesn’t work anymore(denatured)

25. Enzymes
Lock and Key Model

26. Nucleic acids Function: Store and transmit genetic information
Tells cells when and what proteins to make

27. Nucleic Acids
Elements: CHONP

28. Monomer of Nucleic Acid: Nucleotide
Monomer: Nucleotide
3 parts of a nucleotide:
1) five-carbon sugar (ribose or deoxyribose)
2) phosphate group
3) nitrogen-containing base

29. Polymer – DNA & RNA

30. DNA - Deoxyribonucleic Acid
Double strand of nucleotides
Contains the genetic code of cell
Found in nucleus
Bases:
Adenine (A) <==> Thymine (T) (apple tree)
Cytosine (C) <==> Guanine (G)

31. RNA - Ribonucleic Acid Single strand Found in nucleus and cytoplasm
Bases:
Adenine (A) <==> Uracil (U)
Cytosine (C) <==> Guanine (G)

32. Nucleic Acids: Other Facts
In ALL cells

33. Done!
4 Macromolecules:
Carbohydrates
Lipids
Proteins
Nucleic Acids

34. Enzymes
Lock and Key Model

35. Chemical Reactions Chemical Reaction Activation Energy Catalyst
changes one set of chemicals (reactants) into another set of chemicals (products)
Activation Energy
energy needed to start a reaction
Catalyst
speeds up a chemical reaction by lowering activation energy
Ex: enzymes

36. Enzymes Enzyme: protein that acts as a catalyst
Substrate: reactant in enzyme-catalyzed reaction
Active Site: location on an enzyme where the substrate attaches

38. Each enzyme functions at an optimal temperature and pH

39. Sample MCAS Question
In the nucleus of a human cell, RNA polymerase travels along a DNA strand
and constructs a new strand of mRNA. The new mRNA strand leaves the
nucleus through a pore in the nuclear membrane and enters the cytoplasm.
The mRNA associates with a ribosome and a new polypeptide is produced.
Several types of organic molecules are mentioned in the paragraph above.
a. Select two different organic molecules mentioned in the paragraph above and classify each as one of the four major types of organic molecules. You may use a table like the one below in your response.
b. Briefly describe the structure and function of each organic molecule you identified in part (a.). You may use a table like the one below in your response.

40. Answer
Molecule
Classification
Structure
Function

41. Answer Key CHOOSE 2 ONLY!! Molecule Classification Structure Function
Polypeptide
Protein
Chains of amino acids.
Contains the elements C, H, O, and N.
Forms muscle tissue and enzymes.
DNA
Nucleic Acid
Double helix composed of sugar, phosphate, and nitrogenous bases.
Carries the genetic code and controls cell activities.
mRNA
Single stranded molecule composed of sugar, phosphate, and nitrogenous bases.
Holds the code needed for protein synthesis.
RNA Polymerase
Enzyme (protein)
Speed up chemical reactions (catalysts).