1. “Energy in Earth Processes”

3. A. Closed Energy System: There is an exchange of energy, but not mass.
I. Conservation of Energy Law: energy is neither created nor destroyed but transformed to another form.
A. Closed Energy System: There is an exchange of energy, but not mass.
1. Heat Source: objects that emit energy (hot).
2. Heat Sink: objects that absorb energy.
* Heat flows from source to sink!
source
sink

4. B. Specific Heat: the amount of energy needed to raise the temp
B. Specific Heat: the amount of energy needed to raise the temp. of a substance 1oC. (Ref. Table pg. 1)
Materials with a high specific heat take long to heat up and long to cool down.
(Ex. liquid water)

5. C. Types of Heat Transfer:
Conduction: heat transfer by direct molecule to molecule contact in solids.
2. Convection: heat transfer in fluids (gases and liquids).
*warm less dense material rises and cooler dense material sink.

6. Convection Currents

7. 3. Radiation: the transfer of electromagnetic energy through space
3. Radiation: the transfer of electromagnetic energy through space. Requires no transfer medium.
a. Electromagnetic spectrum: shows the entire range of wavelength energy emitted by the Sun.
* Page 14 ref. table

10. b. Earth’s Energy Budget: the balance of the amount of energy absorbed and released by Earth.
*solar radiation can be reflected, scattered or absorbed.

11. II. Insolation: (INcoming SOLar radiATION) the Sun’s electromagnetic energy that reaches Earth.
A. Angle of Insolation: (angle of incidence) the measure of the angle of the Sun’s rays striking Earth.
*the greater the angle the more intense the insolation.

12. Area A
Area B

13. B. Factors Affecting Energy Absorption
Color: dark colors absorb and radiate heat better than light colors.
2. Texture: rough surfaces absorb energy better than smooth.
3. Material: land absorbs heat faster than water does due to its low specific heat

14. C. Radiative Balance: when an object gains the same amount of energy that it gives off.
1. Lag Temperature: when the warmer temperatures occur after the Sun is the highest in the sky.
* Hottest days are in Aug. when the Sun is highest on June 21.

15. III. The Atmosphere: is made of four distinct layers and that vary in thickness and temperature.
A. Troposphere: lowest layer, mostly nitrogen and oxygen. Most weather occurs in this layer.
B. Stratosphere: contains ozone that absorbs UV rays.

16. * Ref. Table pg. 14

17. IV. The Greenhouse Effect: the process by which shortwave UV energy reaches Earth and long wave infrared energy is absorbed by the troposphere.
Greenhouse Gases: CO2 and water vapor absorb infrared heat from Earth.
B. Terrestrial Radiation: heat energy given off by Earth in the form of long wave infrared.

19. http://prof. danglais. pagesperso-orange