1. Unit 1 THE FIRST TEXANS

2. Studying the past
Texas has a long history. More than 12,000 years long.
The first people to move into North America and eventually Texas came from Asia

3. The first texans Texas Era’s
Historians divide the past into shorter periods called eras
Eras can be any length of time
Texas Era’s
Natural Texas and Its People Before 1528
Age of Contact
Spanish Colonial Period
Mexican National Period
Revolution and Republic
Early Statehood
Texas in the Civil War
Cotton, Cattle, and Railroads
Age of Oil

4. The first texans How they got here is up for debate
Some may have crossed a land bridge that connected Alaska and Asia

5. Thinking questions What skills did they have?
What did they do for food? How did they survive?

6. The first texans
The first Texans lived long before the invention of writing
The period before written history is known as Prehistory
Anthropologists and Archaeologists have sifted through layers of earth in search of artifacts to answer questions about Paleo-Indians.
Paleo means old or ancient. Lived in Texas
12,000 years ago

7. Gulf Culture Area
Unit 1 (Pages 72-74)

8. Natives on the Gulf Coast
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Natives on the Gulf Coast
Home to two groups, Karankawas and Coahuiltecans
Lived in the area between Galveston and Corpus Christi
Hunter-gatherers: lived on mainly small animals (deer and rabbits) and small plants such as nuts, cacti, and roots
Nomadic: moved from place to place in temporary dwellings that were made of mud, animal skins and brush, called
wigwams

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The Karankawas
Men would hunt on foot and fish with large bows and arrows or fish traps using dugout canoes
Women gathered plants and took care of the camp

10. Daily Life of the Karankawas
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Daily Life of the Karankawas
Because of hot climate, usually wore very little or no clothing
Painted bodies with bright colors
Rubbed alligator fat on their bodies to keep mosquitos away

11. Daily Life of the Karankawas
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Daily Life of the Karankawas
European diseases and fighting with other groups would kill off the Karankawas by mid 1800’s

12. The Coahuiltecans Lived in Far South TX and Northern Mexico
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The Coahuiltecans
Lived in Far South TX and Northern Mexico
Not a single unified group, independent groups living near each other
Wore very little clothing
Men and women grew hair very long

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The Coahuiltecans
Many died of European diseases and attacks from Apaches
Many began living with Spanish and abandoned way of life
By 1800 the few groups that did remain joined other Indian groups

14. The Plains Culture Area
Tonkawas Apaches Comanches Kiowas

15. TONKAWAS Geographic Lifestyle Appearance
The Tonkawas lived on the North Central Plains of Texas
Lifestyle
Depended on the Buffalo for food, clothing and shelter (Tepees)
Hunter-gatherers. Hunted small game such as rabbits, rattlesnakes, and skunks. Gathered berries, fruits and nuts
Appearance
Wore clothing made from Buffalo skin

16. APACHES Geographic Political
Apaches lived on the Great Plains of Texas
They migrated there between 1000 and 1400 AD
Originally from northern Canada
There are 2 Apache groups. Mescaleros and Lipan
Political
Apaches were organized into bands
Led by the most prominent family member
Lived close together for defensive purposes or for ceremonies

17. APACHES Lifestyle Adapted quickly to the introduction of the horse
Horses changed their way of life
Skilled buffalo hunters
They used everything they could from the buffalo body for everyday life

18. APACHES
Demise
Driven out of Texas by the Comanche and the arrival of the Spanish.
By the mid 1800’s, the Apaches had been driven from Texas

19. COMANCHES Geographic Political
Originally lived in the western United States
Moved to the Great Plains in the 1700’s
Political
Lived in bands
Each band led by a peace chief and a war chief
Each helped make the important decisions for the band

20. COMANCHES Lifestyle Known as the “Lord of the Plains”
Most skilled horseman in the world
Most feared Indian group
Quannah Parker most well known Comanche 
The Buffalo was their source of life.
Controlled the Great Plains with fear.

21. KIOWAS Geographic Lifestyle
Moved into Great Plains in the early 1800’s to escape enemies
Lifestyle
Hunted Buffalo
Gathered fruits, berries and nuts
Men did hunting and fighting
Women sewed and prepared buffalo hides
Became allies with Comanche and fiercely defended their way of life

22. The Pueblo Culture Area
Jumanos

23. JUMANOS Geographic Lifestyle
Lived in large villages along the Rio Grande
Lifestyle
Lived in permanent houses out of Adobe.
30-40 people lived in each house
Gathered wild plants for food and hunted buffalo
Traded goods with other Indian groups

24. JUMANOS Lifestyle Appearance Used bows and arrows to hunt Buffalo
Used hides to make many objects such as shields and clubs
Appearance
Wore clothing and shoes made out of buffalo hide.
Wore jewelry made of copper, coral, and turquoise.
Tattooed and painted their faces with striped lines.

25. JUMANOS Demise of the Jumano
The arrival of the Spanish marked the beginning of a difficult time for the Jumanos.
Spanish brought diseases that killed many of them
Drought, crop failure, and the loss of the buffalo were a major contributor
Attacks from the Apache for control of hunting grounds and broken promises from Spanish leaders were also factors
In the end, Jumanos lost their land and by the mid 1700’s did not have a substantial existence

26. Texas Indians of Southeastern Culture Area – Caddo, Wichita, and Atakapas

27. CADDO
Geographic
Moved into Eastern Texas (around the Red River) from Arkansas, Louisiana and Oklahoma
Political
Led by an inherited chief (caddi)
Made political decisions such as when to go to war or share ceremonial peace pipe
Kin-based groups or bands organized into three confederacies.
The Tejas confederacy is where we got our state’s name, which means “those who are friends”

28. CADDO Lifestyle They had permanent dwellings
Their houses were wooden poles covered with grass.
Developed farming techniques still used today
Crop rotation to prevent soil exhaustion
Setting aside extra seed for next year
Burned forests to clear land for crops
Men did farm work, women took care of homes
They grew beans, corn, squash, sunflower seeds and tobacco.

29. CADDO
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Social
Were a matrilineal society. This means they traced their families lineage through their mother’s side.
Oldest female in the family was in charge
Ceremonies and rituals included giant burial mounds
A stable food supply created large populations
People took on new roles such as pottery makers, religious leaders, and politicians
Appearance
Wore animal hides for clothing
Both men and women tattooed and painted their bodies

30. WICHITA
Geographic
Migrated from Kansas and settled from the Red River to near present-day Waco, Dallas, and Corsicana
Political
Warriors in the group elected chiefs who enforced rules for daily living
Lifestyle
Obtained their food primarily through farming but also hunted buffalo and deer
Lived in permanent villages along creeks and rivers growing corn, beans, pumpkins, squash, and melons
Appearance
Had many tattoos
Women tattooed circles around their eyes and line from their lip to chin
Men tattooed eye lids to look like raccoons
Social
Lived in large villages of up to 1,000 people
Built sturdy grass lodges that held 8 to 10 people
Women of the group held in high regard

31. ATAKAPAS (translates into “man eaters”)
Geographic
East Texas and West Louisiana between the Caddo and the Gulf of Mexico
Lived between Galveston and Sabine River
Political
Small bands that moved loosely to find food
No overall chief
Lifestyle
Little is known about their houses but it is thought they lived in small lodges made out of grass, reeds, and brush.
They were farmers with corn being their main crop.
They also hunted wild game, buffalo, and alligator.
Fished using canoes and fish traps

32. ATAKAPAS Appearance Social
They wore simple clothing - animal skin dresses for women and breechcloths for men
Social
European diseases led to extinction