1. Section 3: The Late Republic
The Roman Republic
Section 3: The Late Republic

2. Growth of Territory and Trade
Roman territory grew in response to outside threats.
One reason for the Roman success was the organization of the army
Soldiers organized in legions – groups of up to 6,000 soldiers
Each legion was divided into centuries – groups of 100 soldiers
This organization allowed the army to be very flexible; could fight as a large group or as several small ones

3. Farming and Trade
Before Rome conquered Italy, most Romans were farmers
As the republic grew, most people left their farms for Rome
Wealthy Romans then built large farms in place of these small farms
These farms were worked by slaves who grew one or two crops
The owners usually didn’t live on the farms
Trade also expanded as Rome grew
Farmers couldn’t grow enough food to support the growing population, so merchants brought food from other parts of the Mediterranean
Also brought metal goods and slaves to Rome

4. Rome Grows Beyond Italy
The Punic Wars
Fiercest was the Romans fought
A series of wars against Carthage – a city in northern Africa
Rome and Carthage went to war three times
The wars began when Carthage sent its armies to Sicily
Romans forced them out and took control of Sicily
Carthage then tried to attack Rome
Hannibal – general
He was never able to capture Rome
Consuls would declare war on Carthage in fear of them growing too powerful
Romans would destroy Carthage

5. Later Expansion
During the Punic Wars, Rome took control of Sicily, Corsica, Spain, and North Africa
Rome would conquer the southern part of Gaul, along with Greece and parts of Asia
Romans would adopt ideas about literature, art, philosophy, religion, and education from Greece

6. Crises Strike the Republic
Tiberius and Gaius Gracchus
Brothers that served as tribunes
Tiberius wanted to create farms for poor Romans in hopes of keeping poor citizens happy and preventing rebellions
Wanted to use the land that wealthy citizens had obtained illegally
Wealthy citizens opposed the idea and riots broke out; Tiberius was killed
Gaius tried to create new farms and began to sell food at cheaper prices
Angered many Romans and was killed for his ideas
The violent deaths of the Gracchus brothers changed politics
People then saw violence as a political weapon

7. Marius and Sulla Spartacus Gaius Marius - a consul
Encouraged poor people to join the army
Lucius Cornelius Sulla
A consul
Used his army’s loyalty in a civil war against Marius
Would later name himself dictator
Spartacus
Was a former gladiator
Led thousands of slaves in an uprising and demanded freedom
Defeated an army and took over much of southern Italy
Was killed in battle