1. Ancient Rome

2. Background The Roman Army
All citizens were required to serve for a period of time (not life like in Sparta)
Army was made out of legions
Legion : a military unit of about 5,000 infantry (foot soldiers) supported by cavalry (soldiers on horseback)
Early Roman Expansion
By 265 BCE Rome controls the Italian Peninsula
Rome made alliances with conquered peoples and even offered some citizenship

3. Background Carthage A powerful city-state in Northern Africa
Began as a Phoenician colony sometime between 800 and 750 B.C.E.
Carthage had grown extremely wealthy as it controlled trade in the Mediterranean region.
This made it an enemy of Rome as the Republic expanded and tried to gain its own power and wealth.
Carthage had a very strong navy.

4. Red = Roman Territory Before the Punic Wars
Purple = Carthaginian Territory Before the Punic Wars

5. Why did the Wars happen?
Both Rome and Carthage had central locations in the Mediterranean Basin.
They were competing over control of trade routes in and around the sea.

6. 265 – 241 B.C.E
The 1ST PUNIC war

7. The 1ST Punic War Dates: 265 – 241 BCE
Fought over control of 3 Islands that lie in between Africa and Europe (the Italian Peninsula)
Sicily
Corsica
Sardinia

8. The 1ST Punic War
At first it seems that Carthage has the upper hand because the battles are mainly at sea (remember they have the strong navy)
Two things change the Carthaginian advantage
Romans create new ships modeled after a Carthaginian warship that washes ashore after a storm
The Inventions of the corvus

9. Carthaginian Warship
Called a quinquereme

10. Corvus Long ladder with a hook on it
Roman ships sailed close to Carthaginian ships and hooked the two ships together
The Roman soldiers were able to climb across the corvus to the Carthaginian ship and fight hand to hand.
Effectively turned Naval battles into mini-land battles… which the Romans were very good at.

11. The 1st Punic War
The Roman advancements enabled them to defeat the Carthaginians.
Rome wins the 1st Punic War!
Carthage has to give up Sicily and pay Rome a huge indemnity (fees for damages).

12. 218 – 201 B.C.E.
The 2nd PUNIC war

13. The Second Punic War
Carthage had built up an army and this time attempted to attack Rome on land
Remembering their defeat at sea.
They were bitter about the out come of the first war, and the loss of Corsica and Sardinia in 237 to Roman expansion
Hannibal Barca
Carthaginian General
Considered a Military Genius

14. The Second Punic War
Hannibal’s Plan (this took years from 237 to 218 when they reach Rome)
Hannibal did not sail directly to Rome to fight
He started in Spain (which Carthage had control of) and traveled north and then east through Gaul towards the Alps
He picked up mercenaries (private paid soldiers) in both areas along the way.
Hannibal and his army passed over the Alps and south into Italy
Hannibal brought elephants with him (only 1 of the 38 of the elephants survive the journey)

15. The Second War
Hannibal was able to march his army all the way to Rome.
However, he hesitated to attack the City, because it is too well fortified
Instead Hannibal hopes to destroy the Roman economic base by forcing the army to stay engaged else where (slowly eating away at Roman resources)

16. The Second Punic War
The Romans unable to defeat Hannibal’s army in Italy, come up with their own surprise plan.
They send an army across the Mediterranean to attack Carthage.
This forces Hannibal to leave the Italian peninsula to defend his home.
Hannibal is defeated near Carthage at the Battle of Zama by the Roman General Publius Cornelius Scipio Aemilius Africanus Major (Known as Scipio the Elder)

17. Results of the Second Punic War
Carthage loses all its claims in Spain
Carthaginian Navy is reduced to just 10 ships.
Carthage has to pay yet another large sum of money to the Romans

18. 149 TO 146 B.C.E.
The 3rd PUNIC war

19. The Third Punic War After the 2nd Punic War Carthage
Had a shattered economy
Lost all territory to Rome
Some Romans still feared that someday Carthage may regain power and threaten Rome again,
So they decided to instigate a 3rd war with the city, to wipe it off the map.
Cato the Elder, a senator, advocated the complete destruction of Carthage

20. The 3rd Punic Wars Rome easily defeats the weak city of Carthage
The entire population is sold into slavery
Valuables are carried back to Rome
The city is burned to the ground or dumped into the sea
The fields were covered in salt so nothing would grown there again

21. The Future
Rome secured their spot as an economic and military power in the region with the complete destruction of Carthage.
Years of war however had changed the government and people of Rome and soon large changes would come.