1. B5
Growth & Development

2. All living things are made up of cells.

3. Animal and Plant Cells

4. What else do we have to add?

5. Specialised cells……
cells in multicellular organisms can be specialised to do particular jobs

6. Tissues and Organs
groups of specialised cells are called tissues and groups of tissues form organs

7. Organisation
Cells
Tissues
Organs
Organ systems
Organism

8. Plant Organs & Tissues

9. Zygotes a zygote is a fertilised egg
It has a set of chromosomes from each parent

10. Embryo
a fertilised egg cell (zygote) divides by mitosis to form an embryo

11. Embryonic Stem Cells in a human embryo, up to
the eight cell stage, all the
cells are identical and could
produce any sort of cell
required by the organism,
(unspecialised cells or
embryonic stem cells)
after this point, the cells become specialised and form different types of tissue;

12. Adult Stem cells
Adult stem cells remain unspecialised and can become many, but not all, types of cell required by the organism

13. Mitosis Cell division by mitosis produces two new cells
identical to each other and
to the parent cell;

14. DNA

15. Cell Cycle Cell Growth : numbers of organelles increase;
2. the chromosomes are copied
when the two strands of each
DNA molecule separate and new
strands form alongside them;

16. Mitosis Mitosis : copies of the chromosomes separate
2. the nucleus divides

17. Meiosis (Makes Eggs In Ovaries, Sperm In S………?)
meiosis is a type of cell division that produces gametes;
egg & sperm
In meiosis, it is important
that the cells produced
only contain half the
chromosome number
of the parent cell;
why?

18. DNA DNA has a double helix structure;

19. Base Pairs
both strands of the DNA molecule are made up of four different bases, which always pair up in the same way; A & T, C & G

20. Making Proteins
the order of bases in a gene is the code for building up amino acids in the correct order to make a particular protein.

21. Genes code for Proteins
The genetic code is in the nucleus but proteins are produced in the cell cytoplasm
The genes (DNA) cannot leave the nucleus
So how does it happen?

22. A problem……. You want to bake a chocolate cake
The recipe is in a cook book in the library
It’s a reference book – you can’t take it out of the library
Solution:
Bring all the ingredients to
the library and bake the
cake there!

23. Protein synthesis Genes don’t leave the nucleus but…….
a copy of the gene is
produced to carry the
genetic code to the
cytoplasm;

24. Switching genes off although body cells in an organism contain the
same genes, many genes
in a particular cell are not
active because it only
produces the specific
proteins it needs;

25. Stem cells
adult stem cells and embryonic stem cells have the potential to produce cells needed to replace damaged tissues

26. Ethics
ethical decisions need to be taken when using embryonic stem cells
this work is subject to Government regulation

27. Switching genes on again
in carefully controlled
conditions of
mammalian cloning,
it is possible to
reactivate inactive
genes in the nucleus
of a body cell to
form cells of all
tissue types;

28. Plant Growth
Unlike animals, most plants continue to grow throughout their lives
Plant meristems divide by mitosis to produce cells that are unspecialised

29. Cuttings these unspecialised cells can be used to produce clones
These unspecialised new cells can specialise into cells of xylem, phloem, roots, leaves or flowers;
these unspecialised cells
can be used to produce
clones
of a plant with desirable
features, from cuttings;

30. Auxins
cut stems from a plant can develop roots in the presence of plant hormones (auxins) and grow into a complete plant which is a clone of the parent;

31. Phototropism
understand how phototropism increases the plant’s chance of survival;
phototropism in terms of the effect of light on the distribution of auxin in a shoot tip.