1. SOILS

2. Great civilizations began because of farming
Great civilizations began because of farming ... good soil and fresh water is needed for farming
Ancient Egyptian and Mesopotamian societies are great examples

3. Egyptian civilization grew up around the fertile Nile River and its Delta
The Sahara Desert, which has poor sandy soil, doesn’t have very many people living there because the people can’t grow things in the soil.
90% of Egypt’s population lives with 20 km of the Nile River or its delta.

4. Toronto is Canada's economic, political and cultural powerhouse, it started as a farming centre
51% of Canada's good farmland can be seen from the top of the CN tower; most of it is paved or built on

5. Where is soil? What is soil made of?

6. Soil A true soil consists of 4 main parts: 1) Minerals
2) Bacteria and organic material
3) Air
4) Moisture

7. 2. BACTERIA and ORGANIC MATERIAL
Soil is made up of four (4) main parts:
1. MINERALS:
come from broken up rock, which is called parent material
minerals provide nutrients to plants
3. AIR
need air around roots of plants
air holes are created by worms, insects, small animals
4. MOISTURE
water dissolves nutrients (makes them like a liquid) so they can be taken up by plants
helps to break down rock and decay organic material
2. BACTERIA and ORGANIC MATERIAL
partly decomposed plants and animal material
forms humus, which provides nutrients

8. Soil Profile
Soil is made up of distinct horizontal layers; these layers are called HORIZONS

10. O Horizon:
Mostly leaf litter and humus (decomposed organic matter).
A Horizon
topsoil; Seeds germinate and plant roots grow in this dark-colored layer.

11. What does Humus look like?
O Horizon: Organic Material

12. What does Topsoil look like?
A Horizon

13. E Horizon light in color.
made up mostly of sand, having lost most of its minerals and clay as water drips through the soil (in the process called eluviation).

14. B Horizon C Horizon Subsoil
Contains clay and mineral deposits (like iron) that it receives from layers above it when mineralized water drips from the soil above.
C Horizon
Also called regolith
Consists of slightly broken-up bedrock.

15. What does Subsoil look like?
B Horizon

16. R Horizon
Unweathered rock (bedrock) layer that is beneath all the other layers

17. Chernozem Soil
Podzol Soil

18. Soils in Ontario

19. Soil in P.E.I.

20. Now it is time to make your own soil profile…. 

21. Create your own profile and SHOW ME before you eat it