1. Chapter 8.4 How Proteins are Made
Why It’s Important
DNA contains instructions for making proteins, which determine an organism’s traits

2. Chapter 10 Objectives Compare the structure of RNA with that of DNA.
Section 1 From Genes to Proteins
Objectives
Compare the structure of RNA with that of DNA.
Summarize the process of transcription.
Relate the role of codons to the sequence of amino acids that results after translation.
Outline the major steps of translation.
Discuss the evolutionary significance of the genetic code.

3. 10.1 Vocabulary Ribonucleic acid (RNA) Uracil Transcription
Translation
Gene expression
RNA polymerase
Messenger RNA
Codon
Genetic code
Transfer RNA
Anticodon
Ribosomal RNA

4. Decoding the Information in DNA
Chapter 10
Section 1 From Genes to Proteins
Decoding the Information in DNA
Traits, such as eye color, are determined by _____________ that are built according to instructions ________ in DNA.
The instructions for making each protein are contained in small segments of our DNA called _______________
A single molecule of DNA has thousands of genes lined up like __________ ________.
proteins
coded
genes
train
cars

5. Chapter 10
Section 1 From Genes to Proteins
Proteins, however, are not built directly from DNA…ribonucleic acid or _______ is also involved.
RNA
Like DNA, RNA is a nucleic acid—a molecule made of _________________ linked together.
nucleotides

6. Chapter 10 Ribonucleic Acid RNA DNA
Section 1 From Genes to Proteins
Ribonucleic Acid
RNA differs from DNA in ______ ways
RNA consists of a ____________ strand of nucleotides
In place of thymine, RNA contains the nitrogenous base _____________
three
single
RNA
DNA
uracil

7. deoxyribose ribose Chapter 10
Section 1 From Genes to Proteins
3) In place of deoxyribose, RNA nucleotides contain
the five-carbon sugar _______________
The only difference between the two sugars is that deoxyribose contains one less ___________
ribose
oxygen H
deoxyribose
ribose

8. deoxyribose ribose Chapter 10
Section 1 From Genes to Proteins
So, deoxyribose is said to be ___________________
“deoxygenated” H
deoxyribose
ribose

9. Types of RNA Additionally, there are three types of RNA
Messenger RNA (_________)
Transfer RNA (_________)
Ribosomal RNA (__________)
mRNA
tRNA
rRNA

10. Chapter 10
Section 1 From Genes to Proteins
Messenger RNA
mRNA is a _________ strand of RNA nucleotides that is used to acquire DNA’s genetic code
In a eukaryotic cell, mRNA carries the code ______ of the nucleus in order to make a protein
straight
Why might it be important for DNA to stay inside of a eukaryotic cell’s nucleus?
out
so it stays protected

11. Chapter 10
Section 1 From Genes to Proteins
Transfer RNA
tRNA loops up on itself to take on a _________ leaf shape
This shape is held together by _____________ bonds
It is used to ___________ amino acids
clover
hydrogen
transfer

12. Chapter 10
Section 1 From Genes to Proteins
Ribosomal RNA
rRNA joins with ______________ to make a structure called a __________________
Free ribosomes are the __________ or location of protein synthesis
proteins
ribosome
site

13. Chapter 10
Section 1 From Genes to Proteins
The instructions for making a protein are ___________ from a gene in DNA to an RNA molecule in a process called _________________.
Cells then read the instructions on the RNA molecule to put together the sequence of __________ ___________ that make up the protein in a process called __________________________.
copied
transcription
amino
acids
translation

14. Chapter 10
Section 1 From Genes to Proteins
The entire process by which proteins are made based on the information encoded in DNA is called gene _______________, or protein _____________.
expression
synthesis

15. Transcription occurs in three steps
Chapter 10
Section 1 From Genes to Proteins
Transcription occurs in three steps
Step 1
______ polymerase, an enzyme that adds complementary RNA nucleotides, binds to a gene’s ________________ site.
This site on DNA promotes or _______________ the start of transcription
RNA
promoter
signals

16. Chapter 10 Step 2 RNA polymerase ________ __ and _______________ the
Section 1 From Genes to Proteins
Step 2
RNA polymerase
________ __ and
_______________ the
DNA strands
unwinds
separates

17. Chapter 10
Section 1 From Genes to Proteins
Step 3
As it moves along DNA, RNA polymerase adds _________________ RNA nucleotides in order to form __________
Notice that only _______ strand of DNA is used to make RNA…this strand is called the ___________________
complementary
mRNA
one
template

18. Chapter 10 Step 3 The strand not used is called the _____________
Section 1 From Genes to Proteins
Step 3
The strand not used is called the _____________
strand
When RNA polymerase reaches a region on the DNA template strand called a _________ signal, the mRNA is released
non-template
stop

19. DNA RNA Practice! So let’s practice transcribing a strand of mRNA
make complementary mRNA base pairs with the DNA strand below…
Remember…RNA does NOT have thymine!
G C A T A C G T A
DNA
RNA C G U A U G C A U

20. Also in a eukaryotic cell, the mRNA has to leave the nucleus and enter the ___________________ in order to find a free _________________, which is where a protein will be _________________
How does mRNA get out of the nucleus?
In prokaryotic cells, transcription occurs in the cytoplasm, and not in a nucleus…why?
cytoplasm
ribosome
assembled
through the nuclear pores
prokaryotes lack a nucleus

21. Objective 1 Compare the structure of RNA with that of DNA 1 strand
2 strands
Ribose sugar
deoxyribose
C, G, A, U
C, G, A, T

22. Objective 2 Summarize the process of transcription. RNA polymerase…
binds to DNA’s promoter site
opens the DNA molecule
Forms complementary RNA pairs
with the template strand