1. Marine environmental awareness course
Emissions to air - Overview
Name – Date

2. Emissions to air: Overview
Contents
Introduction
The sky is the limit
Six main air pollutants
Four main problem areas
Role of shipping
Photo credits: North Sea Foundation/ Green Award Foundation

3. 1. Introduction Major environmental issue – strict regulations on land
Shipping regulations late in time - since 2005
Photo credits: ProSea

4. Air emissions from ships at relatively high level because:
Type of fuel
Lifetime of ship engines
Photo credits: unknown/Job Orbiso 4

5. The atmosphere contains different layers of air
2. The sky is the limit
±50 km
±10 km
The atmosphere contains different layers of air
Illustration credits: ProSea

6. Where ‘the weather’ takes place Where most pollutants end up
Troposphere (0-10 km)
Where we live
Where ‘the weather’ takes place
Where most pollutants end up
Stratosphere (10-50 km)
- Where the ozone layer is
- Relatively stable air layer
- Little exchange with troposhere
Photo credits: NOAA/ProSea

7. 3. Six pollutants CO2 – carbon dioxide (engine)
SOx – sulphur oxides (engine)
examples: SO2, SO3 ...
Sulphur (S) in fuel reacts with oxygen (O2) in air
NOx – nitrogen oxides (engine)
examples: NO, NO2, N2O2 ...
Nitrogen (N2) in air reacts with oxygen (O2) in air
PM – Particulate Matter (engine)
small particles, such as ash, burned lubricant oil
Halons and CFCs (cooling systems)
VOCs – Volatile Organic Compounds (cargo-related)

8. 4. Four main problems Acidification Climate change Ozone depletion
Air quality
Photo credits: unknown/Air Pollution and Climate Secretariat/NOAA’s National Weather Service Collection John Neander/NASA

9. Problems and pollutants (quiz)
Substance
CO2
SOx
NOx PM
Halons and (H)CFC’s
VOC’s
Climate Change
Air quality (smog - health problems)
Acidification
Climate change
Air quality (smog - health problems) Acidification Climate change
Air quality (health problems)
Depletion of ozone layer
Air quality (potentially carcinogenic) 9

10. 5. Role of shipping air quality acidification Regional:
ozone depletion
climate change
Emissions travel 100 of kms (UK-Scandinavia range)
Global:
Photo credits: unknown/Air Pollution and Climate Secretariat/NOAA’s National Weather Service Collection John Neander/NASA

11. Shipping also contributes to regional air pollution
Als je als scheepvaart alleen midden op de oceaan zou zitten, zou je geen invloed hebben op regionale luchtproblemen zoals zure regen, smog en PM. Maar meeste scheepvaart dichtbij land!
NB - voor CO2 maakt het niet uit waar je vaart! Geen regionaal maar een globaal probleem.
because 70% of shipping activities are within 400 km distance from coast
Photo credits: National Centre for Ecological Analysis and Synthesis, University of California, Santa Barbara 11

12. Questions?