1. Ghifar Parahyangan Catholic University August 22, 2011
AKT211 – CAO Introduction to Computer Organization and Architecture
Ghifar
Parahyangan Catholic University
August 22, 2011

2. Outline What is computer architecture? What is computer organization?
Computer function & structure
Instruction cycle

3. Architecture People about computer architecture :
Baer : “The design of the integrated system which provides a useful tool to the programmer”
Hayes : “The study of the structure, behavior and design of computers”
Foster : “The art of designing a machine that will be a pleasure to work with” pe

4. Architecture(2) The different usages of the term:
The design of a computer’s CPU architecture, instruction set, addressing modes
Description of the requirements (especially speeds and interconnection requirements) or design implementation for the various parts of a computer. (such as memory, motherboard, electronic peripherals, or most commonly the CPU)
Architecture is often defined as the set of machine attributes that a programmer should understand in order to successfully program the specific computer
In general, computer architecture refers to attributes of the system visible to a programmer, that have a direct impact on the execution of a program

5. Architecture vs Organization
Architecture is those features/attributes visible to the programmer
Instruction set, number of bits used for data representation, I/O mechanisms, addressing techniques.
e.g. Is there a multiply instruction?
Organization is the hardware implementation of features/attributes
Control signals, interfaces, memory technology.
e.g. Is there a hardware multiply unit or is it done by repeated addition?

6. Structure & Function
Structure : the way in which components are interrelated
Function : the operation of individual components as part of the structure

7. Functional View

8. Function Computer main functions : Data processing Data storage
Data movement
Control

9. Operation a) Data Movement

10. Operation b) Storage

11. Operation c) Processing from/to storage

12. Operation d) Processing from storage to I/O

13. Structure – Top Level

14. Structure – Top Level (2)
CPU (Central Processing Unit)
controls the operation of the computer and performs its data processing functions
Main Memory
stores data
Input/Output (I/O)
moves data between the computer and its external environment
Interconnection System
mechanism that provides for communication among CPU, main memory, and I/O
transferring data via Bus

15. Structure – The CPU

16. Structure – the CPU(2) Control Unit controls the operation of the CPU
Arithmetic and Logic Unit (ALU)
performs the computer’s data processing functions
Registers
provides storage internal to the CPU
CPU interconnection
mechanism that provides for communication among control unit, ALU, and registers

17. Structure – the Control Unit

18. Structure – Top Level Components

19. Instruction Cycle
2 steps :
Fetch
Execute

20. Fetch Cycle
Program Counter (PC) holds address of next instruction to fetch
Processor fetches instruction from memory location pointed to by PC
Increment PC unless instructed otherwise
Instruction loaded into Instruction Register (IR)
Processor interprets instruction and performs required actions

21. Execute Cycle Processor-memory
data transfer between CPU and main memory
Processor I/O
Data transfer between CPU and I/O module
Data processing
Some arithmetic or logical operation on data
Control
Alteration of sequence of operations, e.g. jump
Combination of above

22. Instruction Cycle – State Diagram

23. Summary What is computer architecture? What is computer organization?
Computer function & structure
4 main functions of computer
the top level structure of computer
the functions of computer’s basic components
Instruction cycle
2 steps

24. Any Question ?

25. 7 Minutes Review
What are the differences between computer architecture and organization? Give your own brief and clear explanation.
In your opinion, what is your expectation after studying today’s material ? What are the advantages ?

26. THANK YOU

27. Instruction cycle in detail
Hypothetical Machine

28. Instruction cycle in detail (2)