1. 7-1: Life is Cellular Vocabulary: Cell Cell theory Cell membrane
Cell wall
Nucleus
Cytoplasm
Prokaryote
Eukaryote
Organelle

2. Cell Theory 1. All living things are composed of cells
2. Cells are the basic units of structure and function in living things
3. New cells are produced from existing cells

3. Basic Cell Structures
Cell Membrane
DNA/RNA
Cytoplasm

4. Cell Membrane
A thin flexible barrier around the cell
Hydrophobic inside & hydrophilic outside

5. Prokaryotes have a nucleic region instead of a nucleolus
Nucleus
Nucleus (pl. Nuclei)
Large structure that contains the genetic information (DNA) and controls the cell’s activities
Prokaryotes have a nucleic region instead of a nucleolus

6. CHROMATIN & CHROMOSOMES:
Chromatin: DNA chain wound around a protein visible DNA
Chromosomes: when a cell divides, chromatin continues to condense into these structures

7. Material inside the cell membrane but not including the nucleus
Cytoplasm

8. 2 TYPES of CELLS
Biologists divide cells into two categories:
Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes
Eukaryotes have a nucleus and Prokaryotes do NOT. (Figure. 7-3)

9. Bacteria: E. coli, Staphylococcus aureus
PROKARYOTE
EUKARYOTE
Simpler & smaller
Complex and bigger
No nucleus
Nucleus
Bacteria: E. coli, Staphylococcus aureus
Plants, animals, fungi and many microorganisms
Contain cell membrane and cytoplasm
Organelles absent
Organelles present

10. Prokaryotes
See… no nucleus!!!

11. Eukaryotes have a …
NUCLEUS

12. EUKARYOTIC CELL PARTS: 7-2

13. VOCABULARY Chromatin Chromosome Nucleolus Nuclear envelope
Cytoskeleton
Microtubule
Microfilament
Endoplasmic Reticulum
Golgi Apparatus
Lysosome
Vacuole
Chloroplast
Mitochondrion
Ribosome

14. Cell Wall
Found in some cells, including plants, algae, fungi, and nearly all prokaryotes (NOT animal cells)
Surrounds the cell membrane (allows water and gases to pass through)
Provides support and protection for the cell

15. Cytoskeleton NUCLEAR ENVELOPE:
Double-membrane layer which surrounds nucleus
Thousands of pores allow material into and out of the nucleus
Cytoskeleton
Network of protein filaments that helps the cell maintain shape & to move around

16. ORGANELLES

17. Ribosome Ribosomes are made of RNA & protein
proteins are assembled (made) here
Proteins are produced following the specific code in DNA

18. Rough ER
What’s missing??
Smooth ER

19. ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM:
Some proteins are modified
Components of the cell membrane are assembled
ROUGH ER: ribosomes on the ER make proteins & these new proteins move into the ER where they may be chemically modified
SMOOTH ER: no ribosomes; contains specialized enzymes that perform specific tasks (ex: make lipids)

20. Golgi Apparatus
Real Picture…
“Fake” Picture

21. GOLGI APPARATUS:
Proteins produced by Rough ER ribosomes move into these sac-like structures
Enzymes attach carbohydrates & lipids to the proteins
These proteins are then sent to their final destination

22. Lysosome
Filled with digestive enzymes: break down carbs, lipids, & proteins for use by cell

23. Vacuole
*Store materials like water, salts, proteins, & carbs for the cell
*Reason plants are rigid!
*Plants- single large vacuole filled with liquid
*Animals have many small vacuoles called vesicles

24. ORGANELLE DNA:
Unlike other organelles, chloroplasts & mitochondria have their own DNA
In humans, all of our mitochondrial DNA comes from the egg, our mom!
Hypothesis (Lynn Margulis): descendants of ancient prokaryotes ancient prokaryotes formed relationships with eukaryotic cells that benefited both cells; over time, DNA in cell nucleus took over

26. Chloroplast PLANTS ONLY!
Use energy from sun to make glucose (photosynthesis)
Bound by a double membrane

27. Mitochondria Break down glucose to make higher energy compounds
*Bound by a double-membrane