1. Regional Civilizations
Chapter 3
Regional Civilizations

2. Section 1 – The World of Islam
QOD – What are the major beliefs and principles of Islam?
Objective – Explore the early history of Islam and the influence of its cultural, artistic, and scientific contributions to the world.

3. The Arabs Nomadic, herded sheep & farmed Semitic-speaking
Lived in the Arabian Peninsula-harsh desert with little water
Believed in supreme god, Allah and also believed in tribal gods
Ancestors go back to Abraham who built a shrine at Makkah(Mecca) called the Kaaba-its cornerstone was sacred called the Black Stone

4. Life of Muhammad Born in Makkah Muslims believed he was a prophet
He believed Allah’s final messages were to him
Quran-a book containing the holy scriptures of Islam, Muhammad’s revelations, guidelines for Muslims

5. Life of Muhammad His followers were persecuted
Hijrah- the journey of Muhammad to Madinah (Medina)- “city of the prophet”
He returned to Makkah and converted them to Islam
Muhammad died as Islam began to spread
Hajj-all Muslims are encouraged to make this pilgrimage to Makkah

6. Teachings of Muhammad Five Pillars of Islam-ethical code, 5 beliefs
No deity, but One God & Muhammad is his messenger
Prayer-perform prescribed prayers 5 times a day
Charity- give part of their wealth to the poor
Fasting- refrain from food and drink from dawn to sunset during month of Ramadan
Pilgrimage- make a trip to Makkah once in their life

7. Creation of Arab Empire
Abu Bakr-Muhammad’s father-in-law, the first caliph
Caliph- name given to Abu Bakr, successor to Muhammad
Under Abu Bakr the Arabs conquered the Byzantine province of Syria and the entire Persian Empire

8. Successors of Arab Empire
In 661 Mu’awiyah became caliph.
began Umayyad dynasty.
Moved capital from Madinah to Damascus
Beginning of 8th century, Arab armies crossed into southern Spain
Spain became Muslim
Battle of Tours-brought an end to Arab expansion in Europe

9. Successors of Arab Empire
In 732- Arabs conquered southern and eastern Mediterranean & extended east to Mesopotamia and Persia & north to central Asia
In 750- Abu al-Abbas overthrew Umayyad dynasty and founded Abbasid dynasty which lasted until 1258
Built new capital in Baghdad, on Tigris River

10. Successors of Arab Empire
Harun al-Rashid-his reign considered the golden age, he ruled at the height of Abbasid empire

11. Successors of Arab Empire
Seljuk Turks- nomadic people from Asia, converted to Islam, soldiers for Abbasid caliphate.
Seljuk Turks grew stronger & captured Abbasid capital in 1055
Sultan- title of Turkish leader who captured Baghdad, means the “holder of power”

12. Successors of Arab Empire
Mongols
Genghis Khan-unified the Mongols and was given the title “strong ruler”
Mongol armies spread across central Asia.
In 1258, Mongols seized Persia & Mesopotamia
hated Islam & destroyed Baghdad & the Abbasid caliphate ended

13. Economy & Social Structure
Arab Empire was prosperous from trade by ship and camel caravans
Trade prospered in Abbasid dynasty
Muslims followed the Quran closely
Islam claimed all people were equal, but in the Arab Empire there was a well-defined upper class
Quran allowed women spiritual & social equality, but men were dominant in the family and social order

14. Brilliance of Islamic Culture
Effect of Muslim culture on Europe was seen most clearly in Spain under Islamic rule
Ibn-Rushd- Arab scholar who wrote commentaries on Aristotle’s works

15. Brilliance of Islamic Culture
The first year of the Muslim calendar
marks the migration to Madinah

16. Brilliance of Islamic Culture
Ibn Sina-famous philosopher and scientist; wrote a medical encyclopedia
His works were translated into Latin and used in medieval European universities

17. Section 2 – Early African Civilizations
QOD – What were the first 3 civilizations in Africa?
Objective – Explore how trade and the introduction of Christianity and Islam affected the way the early African civilizations developed and interacted.

18. Emergence of Civilization
Africa is 2nd largest continent
Farming gave rise to the first civilizations-Egypt, Kush, & Axum
Kush made itself independent from Egypt around 1,000 B.C.
Axum was founded by Arabs and combined Arab and African cultures
King Enza converted to Christianity and made it official religion of Axum

19. Royal Kingdoms of West Africa
Ghana-one of the first great trading states of West Africa, had an abundance of gold
They traded gold for textiles, metal, horses, and salt
Berbers- nomadic people, who carried goods across the desert with camel caravans
Ghana was eventually weakened by wars

20. Royal Kingdoms of West Africa
The trading state, Mali, replaced Ghana
Sundiata Keita- established Mali.
Most of Mali’s people were grain farmers
Mansa Musa – ruled Mali
doubled its size and created strong government
Encouraged building of mosques and the study of the Quran

21. Royal Kingdoms of West Africa
Songhai
Began to surpass Mali.
Sunni Ali- created the Songhai dynasty, his conquests gave Songhai control of trading empire
Muhammad Ture- ruled Songhai at the height of its power

22. Societies in East & South Africa
Muslims began to settle in Eastern Africa in the 8th century
Farmers who spoke Bantu language moved into East Africa and Congo River basin
Bantu- dialect that came from Niger River region
They took part in the trade on the African coast and it resulted in trading posts
States formed slowly in southern Africa.
Zimbabwe- the most wealthy trading state in south Africa

23. African Society & Culture
Peoples’ identities were determined by their membership in an extended family and in a lineage group
Lineage group- communities of extended family units- served as basic building blocks of African society

24. African Society & Culture
While religious beliefs varied elsewhere, African societies shared common ideas
Belief in various gods, diviners foretelling events, importance of ancestors
Art
Artists from Benin, in West Africa, produced impressive bronze statues

25. Section 3 – The Asian World
QOD – What invention helped make literature both more available and more popular?
Objective – Describe the Sui, Tang, Song, and Mongol dynasties of early China. The rise of Japan, the influence of Islam on India, and the formation of the states of Southeast Asia.

26. China Reunified
China fell into chaos after the Han Dynasty ended in 220
After 300 years of civil war the short-lived Sui dynasty was set up in 581.
This dynasty was unable to unify China under the emperor’s authority

27. China Reunified Tang Dynasty
Peasants’ lives began to improve during the Tang dynasty because they were given land and the peace necessary to farm it
Brought peace to northwestern China & expanded control over Tibet
Uighurs- hired by Tang rulers to fight for the dynasty but instead overthrew the Tang

28. China Reunified Song Dynasty
The Song dynasty was overthrown by the Mongols
The Song formed an alliance with Mongols to try to keep power, but Mongols overthrew them and established the Mongol Dynasty

29. China Reunified
There was 700 years from the beginning of the Sui and the end of the Song dynasty

30. The Mongol Empire Genghis Khan- “strong ruler” He unified the Mongols
created the largest empire in history
Despite his death, by 1279, China was conquered by the Mongolians
1260-Mongols attacked Song dynasty of China

31. The Mongol Empire Kublai Khan
Completed the conquest of China and advanced to Vietnam. He established Yuan dynasty in China
In 1281, a Mongol fleet invading Japan was destroyed by a typhoon

32. The Mongol Empire Mongols were successful in ruling China
The Mongol dynasty fell when a peasant, Zhu Yaunzhang, raised an army and set up the Ming dynasty-
The Ming dynasty overthrew Mongol rule

33. The Mongol Empire
The period between Tang & Ming dynasties was a time of great Chinese art and literature
The emphasis on landscape in Chinese painting reflects the Daoist search for balance in nature

34. The Rise of the Japanese State
China is a large continent while Japan is a chain of many islands
To fend off Chinese invasion, Shotoku Taishi of the Yamato clan attempted to unify the Japanese clans
Like China, he created a centralized govt. with a supreme rule
He wanted to limit power or aristocrats
Portrayed the ruler as divine and a symbol of the Japanese nation

35. The Rise of the Japanese State
After Taishi’s death, the Fujiwara clan held power even though a Yamato ruler was still emperor
In 710 the capital was moved to Nara
During the Nara period, the central govt. steadily lost power because aristocratic families were able to keep tax revenues for themselves

36. The Rise of the Japanese State
Heinan Period
Capital was moved from Nara to Heian, modern day Kyoto.
Govt. continued the process of decentralizing
Powerful families controlled farmland and they started to take matters of justice into their own hands

37. The Rise of the Japanese State
Samurai- “those who serve” A class of military servants who emerged to protect the security and prosperity of the aristocrats
They lived by a strict warrior code known as Bushido “the way of the warrior”.

38. The Rise of the Japanese State
Late 12th century Japanese families were constantly in civil war
Minamoto Yoritomo defeated several rivals to set up a centralized state under the rule of a military leader known as the shogun (general)
This form of govt. was called Shogunate
Lasted from

39. The Rise of the Japanese State
The Kamakura shogunate was overthrown by a group of powerful families
Aristocratic power continued to grow in the 14th & 15th centuries
Daimyo- heads of noble families ,controlled large estates that were tax exempt. Daimyo means “great names”

40. Life & Culture in Early Japan
Early Japan was a farming community
Trade & manufacturing developed during the Kamakura period
Japanese worshipped nature spirits called kami
Landscape served as an important means of expression in Japanese art and architecture

41. India After the Guptas Islam was spreading to India because
India was in a state of political disunity
The Gupta Empire had collapsed
Muhmud of Ghanzi wanted to extend his rule

42. India After Guptas
Islam arrived with Arab armies & expanded further when rebellious Turkish slaves founded Ghazni, present day Afghanistan
Founder’s son, Mahmud of Ghazni attacked Hindu kingdoms and extended his rule to the Indian Ocean before his death

43. India After Guptas
Rajputs- Hindu warriors, opposed to Muslim advances. They resisted Mahmud and his successors
Islamic cavalry was superior to the Rajputs
By 1200 Muslim power extended over northern India, creating a Muslim state called Sultanate of Delhi

44. India After Guptas Sultanate Delhi began to decline
Timur Lenk and his forces raided the capital of Delhi and then withdrew
His death removed a major threat from the Indian subcontinent
When Muslims ruled India they separated themselves into a ruling class apart from the native Hindus

45. Civilization in Southeast Asia
Southeast Asia lies between China and India
Populated with various cultures
2 major parts
Mainland region-extends southward from China to Malay Peninsula
Archipelago (chain of islands)
Between states used Chinese and Indian models of govt., adapting them to their own needs

46. Civilization in Southeast Asia
Vietnam had been conquered by China in 111 B.C.
In the 10th century, Vietnam overthrew China
Vietnam adopted the Chinese model of centralized govt. and called the new state Dai Viet. They adopted state Confucianism
Angkor arose in the 9th century and united the Khmer people
Angkor Thom-capital of Angkor, was the most powerful in mainland Southeast Asia

47. Civilization in Southeast Asia
Thai from the North destroyed Angkor capital in 1432 and set up the capital Ayutthaya
The Thai were threatened by the Burman peoples.
Pagan- the first great Burman state, founded in the 11th century
Adopted Indian political institutions & culture

48. Civilization in Southeast Asia
The Malay Peninsula & the Indonesian Archipelago were tied by trade that passed from East Asia into the Indian Ocean
The people of Malay Peninsula and Indonesian Archipelago did not unite into a single state because the people were divided into different communities

49. Civilization in Southeast Asia
In most societies hereditary aristocrats held political power and economic wealth. Most lived in major cities
Outside of the cities, there were farmers, fishers, artisans, and merchants. Most were rice farmers and they paid heavy taxes to ruler
Chinese & Indian culture influenced Vietnam.
Angkor Wat- a temple in Southeast Asia; great example of Indian influence

50. Section 4 – Emerging Europe and the Byzantine Empire
QOD – What led to the development of feudalism?
Objective – Describe the role of the church and how it played a role in the growth of European kingdoms.

51. The New Germanic Kingdoms
After the Western Roman Empire collapsed, European civilization emerged by a conversion of 3 elements…
1. Germanic peoples
2. Roman legacy
3. Christian church

52. The Role of the Church
By 4th century, Christian church had organizational system and developed a body of doctrine
Church council- important in defining Catholic church doctrine
Monasticim- the life of a monk, separated himself from worldly life

53. Charlemagne and the Carolingians
Charlemagne- became ruler of Frankish kingdom, a strong statesman & a pious Christian
Ruled from He expanded the kingdom to cover much of western and central Europe known as the Carolingian Empire
In 800 he was crowned emperor of the Romans

54. Feudalism Carolingian Empire fell apart after Charlemagne’s death
People began to turn to aristocrats to protect them. Nobles traded service for protection.
Feudalism- relationship between lords and vassals
Vassal- a man who served a lord militarity
The major obligation of a vassal to his lord was to perform military services

55. Feudalism Fief- the land the lord granted to a vassal
Vassals had political authority in their fiefs
Feudalism was a set of unwritten rules known as the feudal contract. These rules determined relationship between lord and vassal

56. The Growth of European Kingdoms
Gradually kinds began to extend their powers-laid the foundations for the European kingdoms that still dominate Europe
The political institutions created by England impacted the formation of democracy in the United States
William of Normandy defeated King Harold in the Battle of Hastings.
King William began to combine Anglo-Saxon and Norman institutions

57. The Growth of European Kingdoms
Henry II- ruled from ; expanded power of English royal courts
The royal courts were all over the land, a body of common law was introduced
Common law- law common to the whole kingdom

58. The Growth of European Kingdoms
Many resented the monarchy’s power and rebelled against King John
King John was forced to sign a document of right called the Magna Carta, or Great Charter
Magna Carta- used to strengthen the idea that the monarch had limited power
Primarily intended to protect feudal rights, the Magna Carta eventually guarded the rights of all English people

59. The Growth of European Kingdoms
Reign of Edward I
English Parliament- important step in developing a representational govt.
Composed of: 2 knights from each county, 2 people from every town, and all nobles and bishops
House of Lords-nobles and church lords
House of Commons- knights and townspeople
The Parliament imposed taxes and passed laws

60. The Growth of European Kingdoms
King Phillip II Augustus- increased the power of the French monarchy
Frederick I created a new empire consisting of Germany and Italy which was called the Holy Roman Empire
Frederick II wanted to establish strong rule in Italy

61. The Growth of European Kingdoms
Slavic people of central Europe divided into three groups
western slavs, southern slavs, & eastern slavs
Western slavs- accepted Catholicism and Latin culture
Alexander Nevsky- his decendents became leaders of all Russia

62. Byzantine Empire Justinian became emperor of the Eastern Roman empire
The legal heritage of Rome was preserved in The Body of Civil Law, compiled under order of Justinian
The most serious challenge to Eastern Roman Empire was Islam
Greek became the official language
The Christian church became known as the Eastern Orthodox Church

63. The Crusades
Crusades-European Christians carried out a series of military expeditions
The Crusades began because
The Byzantine emperor asked Europeans for help
Pope Urban II wanted a great cause to prove his leadership
Europeans wanted to capture Jerusalem & Palestine from the Muslims

64. The Crusades Facts about the Crusades
Alexius I asked Europe for military aid
Urban II wanted Europe to liberate the Holy Land from Muslims
Italian port cities prospered from supplying Europeans in Palestine