2. Bell Ringer Amino Acids
Agenda:
-Bell Ringer
-Protein structure and
function notes
-Protein Poster Project
Bell Ringer
What are the building blocks of proteins?
How are proteins made?
Explain the difference between a monomer and a polymer.
Amino Acids
DNA is transcribed into mRNA which is translated into amino acid chains which make up proteins
Monomer= one molecule
Polymer= chain of monomers

3. Your tests… What does this mean for you?? Highest score = 88%
Lowest score = 16%
Average = 60%
What does this mean for you??
I will give you back your test. You may make corrections IN A DIFFERENT color to earn back points.
This is due NEXT class or else your original grade stands!

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Proteins
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5. Proteins (Polypeptides)
Amino acids (20 different kinds of aa) bonded together by peptide bonds (polypeptides).
Functions of proteins:
1. Transport: hemoglobin
2. Regulatory: hormones
3. Movement: muscles
4. Structural: membranes, hair, nails
5. Enzymes: cellular reactions
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6. 20 Amino Acid Monomers

7. Structure of Amino Acids
Amino acids have a central carbon with 4 things bonded to it:
Amino
group
Carboxyl
group
R group
Amino group –NH2
Carboxyl group -COOH
Hydrogen -H
Side groups
Side group -R
Serine-hydrophillic
Leucine -hydrophobic

8. Question: What elements are found in all proteins?
Carbon
Oxygen
Nitrogen!
Hydrogen
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9. Proteins (Polypeptides)
Four levels of protein structure:
A. Primary Structure
B. Secondary Structure
C. Tertiary Structure
D. Quaternary Structure
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Primary Structure
Amino acids bonded together by peptide bonds (straight chains)
aa1
aa2
aa3
aa4
aa5
aa6
Peptide Bonds
Amino Acids (aa)
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Secondary Structure
3-dimensional folding arrangement into coils and pleats held together by hydrogen bonds.
Two examples:
Alpha Helix
Beta Pleated Sheet
Hydrogen Bonds
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Tertiary Structure
Secondary structures bent and folded into a more complex 3-D arrangement of linked polypeptides
Alpha Helix
Beta Pleated Sheet
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Quaternary Structure
Composed of 2 or more “proteins working together”
subunits
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14. Protein Shape affects its function!!
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15. Denaturating Proteins
Changes in temperature & pH can denature (unfold) a protein so it no longer works
Cooking denatures protein in eggs
Milk protein separates into curds & whey when it denatures

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Marfan Syndrome
genetic disorder that affects the body’s connective tissue
Connective tissue is made up of proteins
protein that plays a role in Marfan syndrome is called fibrillin-1
caused by a defect (or mutation) in the gene that tells the body how to make fibrillin-1
mutation results in an increase in a protein called transforming growth factor beta, or TGF-β
Marfan syndrome can affect many different parts of the body
heart, blood vessels, bones, joints, eyes, lungs, skin and nervous system
Isaiah Austin
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About 1 in 5,000 people have Marfan syndrome
About 3 out of 4 people with Marfan syndrome inherit it
some people with Marfan syndrome are the first in their family to have it; when this happens it is called a spontaneous mutation
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19. Some signs of Marfan Syndrome
Long arms, legs and fingers
Tall and thin body type
Curved spine
Chest sinks in or sticks out
Flexible joints
Flat feet
Crowded teeth
Stretch marks on the skin that are not related to weight gain or loss
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20. Denaturing Proteins
The structure (shape) of a protein determines its function!
Change the shape = affect the function!
Denature – change the shape of a protein
Temperature pH

21. Protein Poster Project
You will be randomly drawing a protein to research
We will be going to the computer lab where you will go to my website and download the format for the poster.
TYPE DIRECTLY INTO THE FORMAT!

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Isaiah Austin
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Exit Slip:
What is the building block of a protein?
2. Name one function of a protein in the body.
3. What must you remove from molecules to form them together.
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24. What level of folding is seen here?