1. Pharmacobotany 2
Lecture 4

2. Subclassis: CARYOPHYLLIDAE Ordo: Chenopodiales Familia: Phytolaccaceae Pokeberry family

3. Phytolacca americana American pokeweed
betalain
! lectins, triterpene saponins - toxic

4. Familia: Chenopodiaceae Goosefoot family
polycambiality – concentric rings of xylem and phloem (secondary thickening of the root)
bladder trichomes
betalain accumulation
alkaloids; sodium and potassium salts

5. Chenopodium ambrosioides var. anthelminticum (wormseed)
Oleum chenopodii: anthelminthic

6. Beta vulgaris convar. conditiva - beetroot convar
Beta vulgaris convar. conditiva - beetroot convar. altissima – sugar beet

7. Spinacia oleracea spinach

8. Familia: Amaranthaceae Amaranth family

9. Amaranthus hypochondriacus
seeds – amaranth grains: contain no gluten

10. F.: Aizoaceae – Mesembryanthemum family
Delosperma cooperi
Faucaria tigrina
Mesembryanthemum crystallina

11. Tetragonia tetragonoides – New-Zealand spinach

12. Familia: Portulacaceae Purslane family

13. Portulaca oleracea – common purslane

14. Ordo: Opuntiales (Cactales) Familia: Cactaceae Cactus family
cylindrical, flat or spherical
wart-like emergences / aeroles:
leaves modified into spines
dense trichomes – reduce evaporation
flowers: showy, solitary, numerous tepals, stamens
fruit: berry

15. Lophophora williamsii - “Peyote”
Active compound: mescaline (protoalkaloid) - hallucinogenous

16. Ordo: Caryophyllales Familia: Caryophyllaceae Carnation family
swollen nodes
leaves: opposite (decussate)
Flowers: * K5 or (5) C5 A5+5 G (2-5)
Ca5 or (5) Co5 A5+5 G (2-5)
Fruit: capsule with teeth

17. Gypsophila paniculata baby’s breath

18. Saponaria officinalis – common soapwort

19. Herniaria sp. - ruptureworts H. glabra – smooth rupturewort H
Herniaria sp. - ruptureworts H. glabra – smooth rupturewort H. hirsuta – hairy rupturewort
H. glabra
urogenital tract:
diuretic
anti-inflammatory
desinficient
H. hisruta

20. Agrostemma githago – common corncocle

21. Ordo: Polygonales Familia: Polygonaceae Buckwheat (knotgrass) family
sheath around the node (ochrea)
anthraquinones: e.g. Rheum, Rumex sp.
Ca(COO)2  enhances formation of kidney stones

22. Polygonum aviculare – common knotgrass

23. Polygonum hydropiper water-pepper

24. Polygonum bistorta (bistort)

25. Rumex acetosella – sheep’s sorrel

26. Rumex acetosa – common sorrel

27. Rumex obtusifolius – broad-leaved dock

28. Fagopyrum esculentum common buckwheat

29. Fagopyrum tataricum tartary buckwheat
rutin (3-5%)
hyperoside
quercitrin
pharmaceutical processing

30. Rheum sp. rhubarbs Rh. palmatum Chinese rhubarb stilbene derivative: estrogen-like effect

31. Subclassis: HAMAMELIDIDAE Ordo: Hamamelidales Familia: Hamamelidaceae Witch-hazel family

32. Hamamelis virginiana Virginia witch-hazel
hamameli tannin

33. Liquidambar orientalis oriental sweetgum (Asia Minor) styrax resin

34. Liquidambar styraciflua (American sweetgum)

35. Ordo: Fagales Familia: Fagaceae Beech family (Oak family)
„catkin trees” or „cupule trees”
unisexual flowers: perianth perigonium or missing
staminate flowers: catkin; pistillate flowers: flower head
fruit: nut (acorn) – with cupule (involucral bracts)
Familia: Fagaceae Beech family (Oak family)
trees or shrubs
male flowers: catkin of flower head, female flowers: inferior ovary
nut – varied cupule
Active compounds: tannins

36. Fagus sylvatica – common beech
Hatvani

37. Fagus sylvatica – common beech

38. Fagus sylvatica – common beech

39. Castanea sativa – sweet chestnut
substitute for hamameli tannin

40. Quercus petraea sessile oak

41. Quercus robur – pedunculate oak

42. Quercus cerris – Turkey oak

43. Quercus suber – cork oak

44. Quercus suber – cork oak

45. Quercus infectoria – dyer’s oak (gall oak)
infected by a wasp  cell division  gall
70-80% tannin

46. Familia: Betulaceae Birch family
trees and shrubs
male and female flowers: catkin
nut or 2-winged samara – subtended by bracts
Active compounds: flavonoids, triterpenes, citrulline (N)

47. Betula pendula – silver birch

48. Betula pubescens – downy birch

49. Betula pubescens – downy birch

50. Alnus glutinosa – common alder

51. Familia: Corylaceae Hazel family (often included within Betulaceae)
trees and shrubs
staminate (male) flowers: catkin,
pistillate (female) flowers: in buds, loose raceme
Fruit: nut (acorn): leafy bracts

52. Corylus avellana – common hazel

53. Ordo: Juglandales Familia: Juglandaceae Walnut family
Fruit: drupe
Active compounds: polyphenols, tannins, quinones (juglone)

54. Juglans regia common walnut
Juglans nigra black walnut
Juglans regia common walnut

55. Juglans regia common walnut
Juglans nigra black walnut
Juglans regia common walnut

56. Ordo: Myricales Familia: Myricaceae Bayberry family
trees and shrubs
wax coating on leaves and drupes

57. Myrica cerifera – wax myrtle
used for tanning and dyes