1. Chapters 2 & 3 Plant Tissues Growth General Plant Anatomy
Botany
Chapters 2 & 3
Plant Tissues
Growth
General Plant Anatomy

2. Objective #1
Identify major organelles characteristic of Plant cells

3. 1. Major Organelles of Plant Cells
Cytoskeleton
Desmotubule
Chloroplast
Nucleus
ER (rough/smooth)
Golgi
Mitochondrion
Vacuole
Transport Vesicle
Cell Wall

4. 2. Organelle Structure and Function
Discuss the structure and function of:
Chloroplasts and Vacuoles
Cytoskeleton
Plasma membrane
Cell wall
Plasmodesmata & desmotubules

5. Organelle Videos Cellular Organelles
om/watch?v=aczbMlS Mr8U&list=PLFCE4D 99C4124A27A&inde x=52
Endosymbiosis
om/watch?v=- FQmAnmLZtE&list= PL7A CD0 67&index=74

6. Cell Wall

7. Function of the Cell Wall
Structural Support
Absorption and movement of water between cells
Support against osmotic pressure
eCOly4

8. Photosynthesis Video
LQrJ4&list=PL7A CD067&inde x=39

9. Chloroplasts

10. Chloroplast Function Photosynthesis
Sunlight + CO2 + H2O  C6H12O6 + O2
Energy Fixing
In the Thylakoid
Converts sunlight energy stored as ATP
Carbon Fixing
In the Stroma
Uses energy stored as ATP & NADPH
Reduces CO2 to carbohydrate (CH2O)

11. Vacuole

12. Vacuole Function Storage Water Dissolved Minerals
Sugars (product of photosynthesis)

13. Cytoskeleton

14. Cytoskeleton Structure & Function
Internal structural support and movement
Components:
Microtubules
Made of tubulin protein
Form Spindle fibers (for mitosis/meiosis)
Microfilaments
Made of actin (also a component of muscle)
Cause internal movements
Intermediate filaments

15. Plasma Membrane

16. Membrane Structure “Fluid Mosaic” Phospholipid Bilayer
Hydrophilic phosphate
Hydrophobic fatty acids
Proteins interspersed in the bilayer
For connection to cytoskeleton
On the surface (antigens, receptors)
For transport

17. Function of the Plasma Membrane
Selective Permeability
Diffusion
Role of Concentration Gradient
Facilitated Diffusion
Role of Channel Proteins
Osmosis
Water flow
“Water Potential”

18. Membrane & Transport Video
ZOjm0&list=PL7A CD067&ind ex=7

19. Transport Video Diffusion and Osmosis
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20. Plasmodesmata

21. Simple transport between cells
Plasmodesmata and desmotubules allow direct connection between the cytoplasm of adjacent cells

22. Apoplastic and Symplastic Transport

23. 3. Differentiation of Plant Tissues
Discuss “meristem” tissue and relate meristem cells to the process of differentiation.

24. Meristem Tissue is Growth Tissue
“Undifferentiated” cells are capable of developing into any type of mature tissue
Growth can occur in two different dimensions: Length and Width
Plants have 2 different meristem tissues, one for each type of growth
Some meristem tissues will remain undifferentiated, and some will develop permanently into a particular mature tissue

25. 4. Meristem and Development
Distinguish between “initial” and “derivative” meristem cells
When a meristematic cell divides, two “daughter” cells will form
One of those cells (“initial”) will stay as part of the meristem, the other (“derivative”) will be pushed outward and will differentiate

26. 5. Plant Tissues and Growth
Distinguish between “apical” and “lateral” meristem tissue. Relate each to patterns of plant growth.

27. Apical and Lateral Meristem
“Apical”, derived from the term “apex”
Apical meristem tissue is associated with the tips of shoots
Growth of apical meristem results in elongation (“primary” growth)
“Lateral” = to the side
Lateral meristem increases width
Lateral growth is “secondary” growth
Cambium is lateral meristem

28. Meristem Tissue Meristem tissue consists of undifferentiated cells
Primary Meristem
Ground meristem
Protoderm
Procambium
Secondary Meristem
Vascular cambium
Cork cambium

29. Structure
om/watch?v=zHp_vo yo7MY&list=PL7A CD067&ind ex=56
Nutrition and transport
om/watch?v=bsY8j8f 54I0&list=PL7A CD067&index =55

30. 6. Plant Tissues & Cell Types
Compare and contrast parenchyma, collenchyma, and sclerenchyma tissue with regard to structure and function.
be.com/watch?v= 1HV8PdXLzy8
be.com/watch?v=I NQ-2L788Ek

31. Tissue Comparison Minimal Support Flexible Support Rigid Support
Parenchyma
Collenchyma
Sclerenchyma
Minimal Support
Flexible Support
Rigid Support
Thin Primary cell walls
Thickened corners
Secondary cell walls
Turgidity (water pressure) adds support
Walls contain Lignin

32. 7. Plant Systems Identify the three plant tissue systems Ground Tissue
Dermal Tissue
Vascular Tissue

33. 8. Vascular Tissue
Distinguish between xylem and phloem

34. Vascular Tissue Xylem Consists of tracheids and vessel elements
Dead at maturity
Function to carry water and dissolved minerals upward from the roots
Phloem
Consists of sieve tube members and companion cells
Alive at maturity
Function to carry dissolved food from leaves to roots and stems

35. Vascular Bundle Cross Section

36. Vascular Bundle Long Section

37. Vascular Tissue Comparison

38. Another Comparison view:

39. 9. General Anatomy of Plants
Compare & contrast the structure and function of roots, stems, and leaves
Stems and leaves together form the “shoot” system

40. Roots, Stems and Leaves Roots Stems Leaves
Anchor the plant in the soil
Absorb materials from soil
Stems
Support the leaves
Transport materials between Roots and Leaves
Leaves
Primary organs of Photosynthesis

41. Root Structure
Vascular tissue is concentrated at the interior of the root

42. Stem Structure
Vascular tissue is either dispersed or concentrated near the perimeter of the stem

43. Leaf Structure

44. 10. Embryonic Development
Identify the parts of a plant embryo and relate these to the development of plant organs

45. Parts of a Plant Embryo Plumule Hypocotyl Radicle Embryonic Shoot
Embryonic Stem
Above the root, below the Cotyledons
Radicle
Embryonic Root

46. 11. Seed Variations
Compare and contrast seeds from monocots, dicots, and gymnosperms
Monocots
Dicots
Gymnosperms
1 cotyledon
2 cotyledons
Varies from 2-24 cotyledons
Cotyledon remains in the seed after germination
Cotyledons form the first 2 leaves
Cotyledons whorled at the top of the hypocotyl

47. 12. Growth Patterns
Distinguish between primary and secondary plant growth

48. More Video Links UC Berkeley Cell & Tissue Types
om/watch?v=xuKhC XhzUUE