1. List and explain 2 impacts humans have on the environment

2. Course Outline
Cells
Review organelles
Cell analogies

3. Final Micro-Organism Measurements
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Find your sample in the photo gallery
Count colonies/take measurements and record in data table from weekend AND from the sample in front of you
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4. HOMEWORK

5. TWO CATAGORIES FOR DISTINGUISHING CELL TYPE
Prokaryotic
Eukaryotic

6. PROKAYOTE Smaller and simpler Have cell membrane and cytoplasm
No nuclei
Some DNA within cytoplasm
All bacteria are prokaryotes
They grow, reproduce, respond to change
Some move

7. EUKARYOTE Vary in shape, some large Have cell membrane and cytoplasm
Have nuclei and many other organelles
Some single-celled beings
Many multi-celled beings
All plants, animals, fungi, and many microorganisms are eukaryotes

8. Cell Membrane Location
Outer boundary of animal and protist cells. Outer edge of cytoplasm.
Function
Regulates what enters and exits the cell
Supports cell structures and provides strong barrier between cell and surroundings.
Construction
Lipid bilayer, also containing proteins and carbohydrates

9. Cell Wall
Location
Outer most boundary in plant, bacteria and fungi cells
Function
Provides support and protection for the cell
Helps maintain cell shape

10. Nucleus Location In all cells but bacteria cells
Often most prominent structure in center of cell
Function
Controls cell processes
Stores hereditary information of DNA
Codes for protein synthesis (making of proteins most important role of cell)

11. Nuclear Envelope Location Surrounds nucleus Function
Double membrane layer that contains pores which allow material to move into and out of the nucleus
Steady stream of RNA and other info-carrying molecules to the rest of the cell

12. Nucleolus Location Dark spherical mass inside the nucleus Function
Assembly of ribosomes begin here

13. Cytoplasm
Location
Material inside the cell membrane but not including the nucleus
Contains many structures called organelles
Some cells may contain cytoskeleton
Function
Establishes living condition to supply and transport materials for cell activities

14. Cytoskeleton Location
Extending from nucleus to cell membrane in some cells
Description
Made up of protein filaments called microtubules and microfilaments
Function
Helps cell maintain shape and involved in many forms of cell movement

15. Endoplasmic Reticulum (E.R.)
Location
Extend from nuclear envelope to cell membrane
Description
Rough E.R. – contain ribosomes
Smooth E.R. – do not contain ribosomes
Function
Transport materials
Rough E.R. modify proteins for secretion
Smooth E.R. contains enzymes that make lipids

16. Ribosome Location In nucleus, cytoplasm, and Rough E.R. Function
Produce proteins following coded instruction that come from the nucleus

17. Golgi Apparatus Location Near E.R. and nucleus Function
Stack of membranes that accept proteins produced by the rough E.R.
Contain enzymes that attach carbohydrates and lipids to proteins (“package proteins”)
Proteins then sent to final destinations

18. Plant Vacuole Location Saclike structure in the cytoplasm Description
Plant cells – Single, large central vacuole
Function
Store materials such as water, salts, proteins and carbohydrates
Pressure in plant vacuole aid in support of plant cell (lack of water – wilting)

19. Vacuoles Location Saclike structures in the cytoplasm Description
Animal & Protists – Small, multiple vacuoles
Function
Store materials such as water, salts, proteins and carbohydrates
Remove excess water from cell (contractile vacuole)

20. Lysosome Location Throughout the cytoplasm of the cell
Rare in plant cells
Function
Small organelles filled with enzymes that break down lipids, carbohydrates and proteins from food into particles that can be used by the rest of the cell.
Also a “cell cleaner” to break down old organelles and dead pathogens.
© 2003 Encyclopedia Britannica, Inc.

21. Mitochondria Location Throughout the cytoplasm
More numerous in cells that have high energy requirements.
Function
Organelles that release energy in the form of ATP from stored food molecules (glucose)
Cellular Respiration
Note: Mitochondria contain some of their own genetic info or DNA that is essential to the function of the mitochondrion.
Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

22. Chloroplasts Location
Found in cytoplasm of plants, some protists and bacteria
Function
Use energy from sunlight to make energy-rich food molecules (glucose).
Photosynthesis
Note: Chloroplasts contain some of their own genetic info or DNA that is essential to the function of the chloroplast.

23. Centrioles
Location
Paired structures just outside the nuclear envelope in the cytoplasm
Only in animal cells
Function
During cell division, centrioles separate and take up positions on opposite sides of the nucleus
Help organize the spindle that separate the chromosomes

24. Cilia & Flagella Location Both extend from the surface of the cell
Description
Cilia – numerous, short, hair-like projections
Flagella- one or two, longer whip-like structures
Function
Both used to propel individual cells through environment
Flagella

26. Venn Diagrams Prokaryotes Eukaryotes Animal Cells Plant Cells Nucleus
Endoplasmic reticulum
Golgi apparatus
Lysosomes
Vacuoles
Mitochondria
Cytoskeleton
Cell membrane
Ribosomes
Cell wall
Animal Cells
Plant Cells
Cell membrane
Ribosomes
Nucleus
Endoplasmic reticulum
Golgi apparatus
Vacuoles
Mitochondria
Cytoskeleton
Cell Wall
Chloroplasts
Large vacuoles
Lysosomes
Centrioles
Small vacuole
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