1. PHYLUM PORIFERA Sponges Asymmetrical- no symmetry
Covered with tiny openings, or pores, called ostia
Larger openings are called oscula
Sponges are sessile
Bodies completely lack symmetry
Skeleton made of spicules (endoskeleton)
Asexual reproduction (budding);Internal fertilization (sexual)

2. Phylum Cnidaria/Coelenterata
This phylum includes:
Jellyfish
Hydra
Coral (Calcium carbonate exoskeleton)
Characteristics:
Radial symmetry
Medusa- Free-floating, umbrella-shaped body (Lack skeleton)
Polyp- Sessile, tube-like body
Tentacles- Arm-like projections covered in stinging cells (cnidocytes/nematocysts)
Asexual rep. (budding);External fertilization (Sexual)

3. Phylum Platyhelmithes
Flatworms
Liver Flukes, Planaria and tapeworms
Marine flatworms
Characteristics:
Ribbon-like bodies
Bilateral symmetry
Branched digestive system
No skeleton
Asexual (fission); Hermaphrodites (sexual)
Free movement
Skin breathing

4. Phylum Nematoda Roundworms Ascaris, Trichinella and hookworms
Characteristics:
Flattened bodies
Bilateral symmetry
Many are parasites
Fluid-filled body cavity called a pseudocoelem
Digestive tube
No skeleton
Sexual reproduction (Internal fertilization)
Free movement
Skin breathinig

5. Phylum Annelida Segmented worms Crop and gizzard digestion
Bilateral symmetry
Internal fertilization (sexual)
Hydrostatic endoskeleton
Muscular movement
Skin breathing
Leeches
Used to be used in medicine to clean blood
Earthworms
Benefits:
Aerate the soil
Provide nutrients to the soil

6. Phylum Echinodermata Marine animals Radial symmetry
Endoskeleton of ossicles
Water-vascular system for movement
Spicules- spike-like projections
Tube feet- suction cups
External fertilization (sexual)
SEA URCHIN,
SEASTAR,
BRITTLE STAR

7. Phylum Mollusca Soft-bodied animals Bilateral symmetry
SNAIL, SCALLOP
Soft-bodied animals
Bilateral symmetry
Visceral mass- Central mass containing organs
Mantle- Outer layer of the body
No skeleton
Radula- Tongue-like organ
Foot (Pseudopodium)- Used for locomotion
Many have a shell to protect the soft body
Univalve- One-part shell
Bivalve- Two-part shell
Sexual (external and internal fertilization)

8. Phylum Arthropoda Animals with: *most numerous phylum of all
living organisms
*insects, crab
Animals with:
Exoskeleton
Bilateral symmetry
Jointed legs- Bendable
Compound eyes- Many lenses
Molting- shedding exoskeleton to grow
Malpighian tubules: function much like kidneys/silk
Segmented bodies
Head
Thorax
Abdomen
Cephalothorax- fused head and thorax
External and internal fertilization

9. Phylum Chordata FISH, REPTILES, BIRDS, AMPHIBIANS, MAMMALS
Animals with:
a true backbone
have internal skeleton
The major evolutionary innovation in this group is the notochord
In all of the 50 thousand species, there are four principal features
Notochord
Nerve Cord
Pharyngeal slits
Postanal Tail