1. Word origins
The English vocabulary is made up of two kinds of words – native and borrowed.

2. Native vocabulary
Native words are those brought to England by our linguistic forefathers, the Angles and Saxons. Native word are the short, familiar words that every speaker has mastered in English.

3. Native word examples: Body parts – eye, foot, ear
Family relationships – father, wife, son
Everyday objects – stone, house, cow
Physical acts – eat, drink, sleep
Physical characteristics – red, small, quick

4. Borrowed vocabulary Borrowed words come from three sources:
Latin and Greek
French
Other languages: Arabic, Chinese, Gaelic, Hindi, Italian
American English also borrows words from Native people:
Oklahoma – Choctaw
Ohio - Iroquois

5. Native / Borrowed word activity

6. Learning new vocabulary
We learn new words three ways –
Absorption
Memorization
Analysis

7. Morphemes
Most classical borrowed words are composed of two or more smaller units, each with their own meaning.
These are called “morphemes.”
Morph- “to change” / -eme “element of a system”
Morphemes are the meaningful pieces that make up words.

8. 4 Characteristics of morphemes
Morphemes cannot be broken down into smaller parts.
Each morpheme has a meaning that contributes to the overall meaning of the words.
Morphemes are recyclable
Morphemes can be any length.

9. For example… Morphemes are not the same as syllables.
The word ‘man’ can be divided 3 ways.
1. m +a+n
2 . ma+n
3. m+an
Each part does not have a separate meaning, though.

10. Morphemes have separate meanings
“unsportsmanlike”
Un = opposite, away from.
Sport = sport
Sportsman = one who plays sports
-like = similar to

11. Morphemes are recyclable
Rearm
Restate
React
Reply
respect

12. Two classes of morphemes
Roots and affixes
Roots form the base of words. Every word must have at least one root
Affixes must be attached to a root or combination of roots to make sense. Prefixes go before a root, suffixes go at the end.

13. Stems
A stem is any construction to which another morpheme may be attached. A stem may be:
A single root
A comp0und of roots
Or a root with one or more affixes.

14. Stem examples…
‘Man’ is a stem because it can have other morphemes attached to it:
Manly
Mankind
gentleman
Gentleman is also a stem because it can have –ly attached to form gentlemanly
A STEM ALWAYS CONTAINS AT LEAST ONE ROOT!

15. Stem extenders Usually suffixes attach directly to a stem
HOWEVER, sometimes a stem cannot take a regular suffix until a special suffix called a “stem extender” is added.
For example:
Ductile is made up of the morphemes
Duc- (‘lead, pull’) and –ile (‘having, being, pertaining to’)
The ‘t’ between the morphemes is the stem extender.

16. Common stem extenders
The most common stem extenders are the consonants T S
And the vowels O I U

17. Examples Scripture Scrip + t + ure ‘to write’ + t + ‘noun, object
Pterodactyl
Pter + o + dactyl ‘wing, feather, fern’ + o + ‘finger, digit’

18. Less common stem extendersY
Note, the –n stem extender is different than the –n- as an affix, as the stem extender is added to the end of a stem, and an –n- affix is inserted into the root.

19. More examples
Binary
Bi + n + ary (bi – ‘two’ + n + ary ‘ having, being’
Pneumatic
Pneu + m + atic (pneu – ‘lung, respiration’ + m + -atic ‘ having, pertaining to’)

20. Parce and gloss
To parce and gloss is to separate the morphemes that make up a word – parce – and then define the word based upon the combined meanings of the morphemes - gloss.
This is not a dictionary definition, but rather a ‘close’ meaning that should allow you to make an inference based upon your background knowledge and the meanings of the morphemes.

21. Parce and gloss examples
The word - hippiatric –
/hipp +i+atric/
Hipp – horse
-Iatr ‘ to treat”
ic ‘of, or pertaining to’
Hippiatric – anything pertaining to treatment of horses

22. Partner Parse and Gloss activity

23. Parce and gloss directions
Write the word in brackets
Separate morphemes and stem extenders with + sign
Write the morpheme definitions within apostrophes
After the parce, write the gloss. NOT THE DICTIONARY DEFINITION!!

24. Example Gynophobe /gyn + o + phobe/
‘women’ ‘one who fears’ fear of women