1. Methods of innoculation
Streak plate method.
Spiral method
X-mus tree like
Zig-Zag like
Pour plate method.
By inoculation loop.
By inoculation needle.

2. Medium Design & Preparation
Medium formulation is an essential stage in the design of successful
Laboratory experiments,
Pilot-scale development and
Industrial scale processes.
The constituents of a medium must satisfy :
the elemental requirements for cell biomass
the elemental requirements for metabolite production
and an adequate supply of energy for biosynthesis and cell maintenance.

3. The first step to consider during media formulation is an equation based on the stoichiometry for growth and product formation
For a general aerobic bioprocess:
Carbon and Energy source + Nitrogen Source other requirements
biomass + products + CO2 + H 20 + heat

5. Importance of media
The growth medium is formulated to maintain microbial growth for economic production of our target product.
The design of media should be based on a good understanding of the relationship between microbial growth kinetics and product formation.
The Choice of medium affect the activity at both
Up-stream and Down-stream processes.
A knowledge of the elemental composition of a choice of microorganism is required for the solution of the elemental balance equation.

6. Basic components of a growth medium
The basic components of a growth medium which must be supplied in adequate amounts to support the desired cell mass and product yield are:-
WATER
ENERGY SOURCES
CARBON SOURCES
NITROGEN SOURCES
OXYGEN REQUIREMENTS
MINERALS and Chelators
GROWTH FACTORS
THE ADDITION OF PRECURSORS AND METABOLIC REGULATORS TO MEDIA
BUFFERS
ANTIFOAMS