1. 16-2 Evolution as Genetic Change
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2. 16-2 Evolution as Genetic Change
Natural selection affects which individuals survive and reproduce and which do not.
Evolution is any change over time in the relative frequencies of alleles in a population.
Populations, not individual organisms, can evolve over time.
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3. Natural Selection on Single-Gene Traits
Natural selection on single-gene traits can lead to changes in allele frequencies and thus to evolution.
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4. Natural Selection on Single-Gene Traits
Natural selection on single-gene traits can lead to changes in allele frequencies and thus to evolution. Organisms of one color, for example, may produce fewer offspring than organisms of other colors.
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5. Natural Selection on Single-Gene Traits
Natural selection acts on distributions of traits.
The distribution in which frequency is highest near the mean value and decreases steadily toward each extreme end of the range.
A normal distribution graphs as a bell-shaped curve.
A population follows a normal distribution when that population is not under natural selection for the trait.
Natural selection on single-gene traits can lead to changes in allele frequencies and thus to evolution. Organisms of one color, for example, may produce fewer offspring than organisms of other colors.
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6. Natural Selection on Single-Gene Traits
Microevolution is evolution within a population.
observable change in the allele frequencies
can result from natural selection
Natural selection on single-gene traits can lead to changes in allele frequencies and thus to evolution. Organisms of one color, for example, may produce fewer offspring than organisms of other colors.
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7. Natural Selection on Polygenic Traits
Natural selection can affect the distributions of phenotypes in any of three ways:
directional selection
stabilizing selection
disruptive selection
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8. Natural Selection on Polygenic Traits
Directional Selection 
When individuals at one end of the curve have higher fitness than individuals in the middle or at the other end, directional selection takes place.
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9. Natural Selection on Polygenic Traits
Stabilizing Selection 
When individuals near the center of the curve have higher fitness than individuals at either end of the curve, stabilizing selection takes place.
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10. Natural Selection on Polygenic Traits
Disruptive Selection 
When individuals at the upper and lower ends of the curve have higher fitness than individuals near the middle, disruptive selection takes place.
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11. Other Mechanisms of Evolution
Gene flow is the movement of alleles between populations (migration).
How it works: Gene flow occurs when individuals join (or leave) a population.
New individuals add alleles to the population. High gene flow decreases the chance that speciation will occur.
Departing individuals take alleles away. Low gene flow increases the chance that two populations will evolve into different species.
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Genetic Drift
Genetic Drift
What is genetic drift?
A random change in allele frequency
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Genetic Drift
Genetic drift is changes in allele frequencies due to chance. It may occur when a small group of individuals colonizes a new habitat.
How it works
Due to chance some alleles may increase while others decrease and even become eliminated
small populations are most likely to be affected by chance
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Genetic Drift
Bottleneck Effect
Genetic drift that occurs after an event drastically reduces the size of a population.
Catastrophic events like an earthquake, flood or volcanic activity may drastically reduce the population.
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Genetic Drift
Descendants
Population A
Population B
When allele frequencies change due to migration of a small subgroup of a population it is known as the founder effect.
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Genetic Drift
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Genetic Drift
Genetic Drift
In small populations, individuals that carry a particular allele may have more descendants than other individuals. Over time, a series of chance occurrences of this type can cause an allele to become more common in a population. This model demonstrates how two small groups from a large, diverse population could produce new populations that differ from the original group.
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18. Others Mechanisms of Evolution
Genetic drift has negative effects on a population.
less likely to have some individuals that can adapt
harmful alleles can become more common due to chance
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19. Evolution Versus Genetic Equilibrium
Five conditions are required to maintain genetic equilibrium from generation to generation:
there must be random mating,
the population must be very large,
there can be no movement into or out of the population,
there can be no mutations, and
there can be no natural selection.
Evolution Versus Genetic Equilibrium
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20. Evolution Versus Genetic Equilibrium
Random Mating
Random mating ensures that each individual has an equal chance of passing on its alleles to offspring.
In natural populations, mating is rarely completely random. Many species select mates based on particular heritable traits.
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21. Evolution Versus Genetic Equilibrium
Large Population
Genetic drift has less effect on large populations than on small ones.
Allele frequencies of large populations are less likely to be changed through the process of genetic drift.
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22. Evolution Versus Genetic Equilibrium
No Movement Into or Out of the Population 
Because individuals may bring new alleles into a population, there must be no movement of individuals into or out of a population.
The population's gene pool must be kept together and kept separate from the gene pools of other populations.
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23. Evolution Versus Genetic Equilibrium
No Mutations
If genes mutate, new alleles may be introduced into the population, and allele frequencies will change.
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24. Evolution Versus Genetic Equilibrium
No Natural Selection
All genotypes in the population must have equal probabilities of survival and reproduction.
No phenotype can have a selective advantage over another.
There can be no natural selection operating on the population.
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16-2
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16-2
Which of the following patterns of natural selection on polygenic traits favors both extremes of a bell curve?
stabilizing selection
disruptive selection
directional selection
genetic drift
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16-2
Which of the following events could lead to genetic drift?
A few new individuals move into a large, diverse population.
A few individuals from a large, diverse population leave and establish a new population.
Two large populations come back together after a few years of separation.
The mutation rate in a large population increases due to pollution.
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16-2
The situation in which allele frequencies remain constant in a population is known as
genetic drift.
the founder effect.
genetic equilibrium.
natural selection.
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16-2
Which of the following conditions is required to maintain genetic equilibrium in a population?
movement in or out of the population
random mating
natural selection
small population
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16-2
According to the Hardy-Weinberg principle, no evolution will take place if
all five of the Hardy-Weinberg conditions are met.
any one of the Hardy-Weinberg conditions is met.
at least three of the Hardy-Weinberg conditions are met.
none of the Hardy-Weinberg conditions are met.
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