1. Early Greek Theory
All matter was composed of four elements: fire, air, water and earth.
Stone = mostly earth
Rabbit = mostly water and fire
Theory that certain substances are made up of a combination of “elements”

2. “To understand the very large, we must understand the very small.”
Greek Model
Democritus
“To understand the very large, we must understand the very small.”
Greek philosopher
b.c.
Idea of ‘atomos’
Atomos = ‘indivisible’
‘Atom’ is derived
No experiments to support idea
Atomists; they argued for a completely materialistic universe consisting of atoms moving in a void.
Since mere fragments of the ideas of Leucippus are known, his pupil, Democritus of Abdera (c B.C.)
is considered the elaborator of this concept.
Aaron J. Ihde The Development of Modern Chemistry, Dover Publishing, 1984 pg 6
It should also be noted that the Romans were not a scientific people and made almost no scientific contributions of their own.
“To understand the very large, we must understand the very small.”
-Democritus
The world
Reality to Democritus consists of the atoms and the void. Atoms are indivisible, indestructible, eternal, and are in constant motion. However, they are not all the same as they differ in shape, arrangement and position. As the atoms move they come into contact with other atoms and form bodies. A thing comes into being when the atoms that make it up are appropriately associated and passes away when these parts disperse.
This leaves no room for the intelligent direction of things, either by human or divine intelligence, as all that exists are atoms and the void. Democritus stated, "Nothing occurs at random, but everything occurs for a reason and by necessity."
The soul
Although intelligence is not allowed to explain the organization of the world, according to Democritus, he does give place for the existence of a soul, which he contends is composed of exceedingly fine and spherical atoms. He holds that, "spherical atoms move because it is their nature never to be still, and that as they move they draw the whole body along with them, and set it in motion." In this way, he viewed soul- atoms as being similar to fire-atoms: small, spherical, capable of penetrating solid bodies and good examples of spontaneous motion.
Democritus’s model of atom
No protons, electrons, or neutrons
Solid and INDESTRUCTABLE

3. Early Ideas on Elements
Robert Boyle stated...
A substance was an element unless it could be broken down to two or more simpler substances.
Air therefore could not be an element because it could be broken down in to many pure substances.
Robert Boyle ( ) was a child prodigy who was speaking Latin and Greek by the age of 8.
Boyle invented a vacuum pump to remove air from a cylinder. When he released a feather and a lump of lead from the same height, he found that they landed simultaneously at the bottom of the cylinder.

4. Subatomic particles Actual e- -1 p+ +1 no mass (g) Relative mass Name
Symbol
Charge
Electron e- -1
1/1840
9.11 x 10-28
Proton p+ +1 1
1.67 x 10-24
Neutron no 1
1.67 x 10-24

5. Structure of the Atom There are two regions The Nucleus Electron Cloud
With protons and neutrons
Positive charge
Almost all the mass
Electron Cloud
Almost all the volume
Where electrons are found
Single Atom
Water Molecule

6. The Sad State of Chemistry Humor
Two atoms are walking down the street.
One atom says to the other, “Hey! I think I lost an electron!”
The other says, “Are you sure??”
“Yes, I’m positive!”
A neutron walks into a restaurant and orders a couple
of drinks. As she is about to leave, she asks the waiter
how much she owes. The waiter replies, “For you,
No Charge!!!”

7. Size of an atom Atoms are incredibly tiny.
Measured in picometers (10-12 meters)
Hydrogen atom, 32 pm radius
Nucleus tiny compared to atom
Radius of the nucleus near m.
Density near 1014 g/cm3
IF the atom was the size of a stadium, the nucleus would be the size of a marble.
m-450w.jpg Notre Dame Stadium
California WEB

8. The Atomic Theory of Matter. In 1803, Dalton proposed that elements
The Atomic Theory of Matter In 1803, Dalton proposed that elements consist of individual particles called atoms.
His atomic theory of matter contains five hypotheses:
Elements are made of tiny particles called atoms.
All atoms of a given element are identical.
The atoms of a given element are different from those of any other element
Atoms of one element can combine with atoms of another element to form compounds. A given compound always has the same relative number and types of atoms.
Atoms are indivisible in chemical processes. Atoms are not created or destroyed in chemical reactions. A chemical reaction simply changes the way the atoms are grouped together.
Copyright © 2007 Pearson Benjamin Cummings. All rights reserved.

9. Legos are Similar to AtomsH O H2 O2
H2O +
Lego's can be taken apart and built into many different things.
Atoms can be rearranged to form different substances (compounds).

10. CO2 CO2 Chemical Formulas Carbon & Oxygen 1 Carbon atom 2 Oxygen atoms
A compound contains atoms from two or more elements
Always contains the same relative numbers of atoms of each element
The types and number of atoms is expressed in a chemical formula
Carbon & Oxygen
1 Carbon atom
2 Oxygen atoms
CO2

11. Practice Try These: NH3 2H2O Mg(NO2)2
NH3 : 1 Nitrogen, 3 Hydrogen atoms
2H2O : (2 water molecules)
4 H, 2 O atoms
Mg(NO2)2 : 1 Mg, 2 N, 4 O atoms

12. More Practice
P4O10
12 H atoms
4 Au, 6 C, and 18 O atoms
Write the chemical formula for four phosphorus atoms and ten oxygen atoms
Write the number of hydrogen atoms in (NH4)2C8H4O2
Write the number and types of atoms in 2Au2(CO3)3

13. J.J. Thomson’s A Cathode Ray Tube
Zumdahl, Zumdahl, DeCoste, World of Chemistry 2002, page 58

14. Cathode Ray Experiment
Thompson’s 1897 Experiment
Using a cathode ray tube, Thomson was able to deflect cathode rays with an electrical field.
The rays bent towards the positive pole, indicating that they are negatively charged.

15. Cathode Ray Experiment-
Displacement
Volts
Anodes / collimators
Cathode +
Deflection
region
Drift region

16. Thomson Model of the Atom
J.J. Thomson discovered the electron and knew that electrons could be emitted from matter (1897).
William Thomson proposed that atoms consist of small, negative electrons embedded in a massive, positive sphere.
The electrons were like raisins in a plum pudding, called the ‘plum pudding’ model of the atom.
Found the electron
Couldn’t find (proton) positive (for a while)
Said the atom was like plum pudding
…. bunch of positive stuff, with the electrons able to be removed.

17. Feeling overwhelmed? Read Chapter 4!
Chemistry
"Teacher, may I be excused? My brain is full." 17

18. Ernest Rutherford (1871-1937) Learned physics in J.J. Thomson’ lab.
Noticed that ‘alpha’ particles were sometime deflected by something in the air.
Gold-foil experiment
Ernest Rutherford received the Nobel Prize in chemistry (1908) for his work with radioactivity.
Ernest Rutherford ( ) was born in Nelson, New Zealand in He began work in J.J. Thompson’s laboratory in He later moved to McGill University in Montreal where he became one of the leading figures in the field of radioactivity. From 1907 on he was professor at the University of Manchester where he worked with Geiger and Marsden. He was awarded the Nobel Prize for Chemistry in 1908 for his work on radioactivity. In 1910, with co- workers Geiger and Marsden he discovered that alpha-particles could be deflected by thin metal foil. This work enabled him to propose a structure for the atom. Later on he proposed the existence of the proton and predicted the existence of the neutron. He died in 1937 and like J.J. Thompson is buried in Westminster Abbey. He was one of the most distinguished scientists of his century.
Is the Nucleus Fundamental?
Because it appeared small, solid, and dense, scientists originally thought that the nucleus was fundamental. Later, they discovered that it was made of protons (p+), which are positively charged, and neutrons (n), which have no charge.
Animation by Raymond Chang – All rights reserved.

19. Rutherford’s Apparatus
beam of alpha particles
radioactive
substance
MODERN ALCHEMY
“Ernest Rutherford ( ) was the first person to bombard atoms artificially to produce transmutated elements. The physicist from New Zealand described atoms as having a central nucleus with electrons revolving around it. He showed that radium atoms emitted “rays” and were transformed into radon atoms. Nuclear reactions like this can be regarded as transmutations – one element changing into another, the process alchemists sought in vain to achieve by chemical means.”
Eyewitness Science “Chemistry” , Dr. Ann Newmark, DK Publishing, Inc., 1993, pg 35
When Rutherford shot alpha particles at a thin piece of gold foil, he found that while most of them traveled straight through, some of them were deflected by huge angles.
circular ZnS - coated
fluorescent screen
gold foil
Dorin, Demmin, Gabel, Chemistry The Study of Matter , 3rd Edition, 1990, page 120

20. Rutherford Scattering
In 1909 Rutherford fired  (alpha) particles at a very thin sample of gold foil.
According to the Thomson model the  particles would pass straight through the foil.
Rutherford discovered that they were deflected by and could even be reflected straight back to the source.
Rutherford’s results strongly suggested that both the mass and positive charge are concentrated in a tiny fraction of the volume of the atom, called the nucleus.
Rutherford established that the nucleus of the hydrogen atom was a positively charged particle, which he called a proton.
Also suggested that the nuclei of elements other than hydrogen must contain electrically neutral particles with the same mass as the proton.
The neutron was discovered in 1932 by Rutherford’s student Chadwick.
Because of Rutherford’s work, it became clear that an α particle contains two protons and neutrons—the nucleus of a helium atom.
particle
source
Lead collimator
Gold foil  

21. What he expected…

22. Because he thought the mass was evenly distributed in the atom, as described by the plum pudding model - - - - - - - - - - - -

23. What he got…
richocheting
alpha particles

24. The Predicted Result:
expected
path
expected
marks on screen
Observed Result:
mark on
screen
likely alpha
particle path

25. Density and the Atom
Since most of the particles went through, the atom was mostly empty.
Because the alpha rays were deflected so much, the positive pieces it was striking were heavy.
Small volume and big mass = big density
This small dense positively charged area is the nucleus
California WEB

26. Actual Results of Gold-Foil Experiment
Zumdahl, Zumdahl, DeCoste, World of Chemistry 2002, page 57

27. The Modern Atom Model
Electrons are in constant motion around the nucleus, protons and neutrons jiggle within the nucleus, and quarks jiggle within the protons and neutrons.
This picture is quite distorted. If we drew the atom to scale and made protons and neutrons a centimeter in diameter, then the electrons and quarks would be less than the diameter of a hair and the entire atom's diameter would be greater than the length of thirty football fields! % of an atom's volume is just empty space!
Website “The Particle Adventure”

28. Bohr’s Model Nucleus Electron Orbit Energy Levels
This is a better model, but still totally wrong 
Bohr’s Model
Nucleus
Electron
Orbit
Energy Levels

29. The Planetary Model
The Bohr model of the atom, was built upon the incorrect idea that electrons orbit the nucleus like planets around the sun.
Nucleus
Electron +
Orbit

30. Bohr Model of Atom The Bohr model of the atom, like many ideas in
Increasing energy
of orbits
The Bohr model of the atom, like many ideas in
the history of science, was at first prompted by
and later partially disproved by experimentation.
n = 3 e-
n = 2
n = 1 e- e-
A photon is emitted
with energy E = hf
In 1913, Niels Bohr proposed a theoretical model for the hydrogen atom that explained its emission spectrum.
– His model required only one assumption: The electron moves around the nucleus in circular orbits that can have only certain allowed radii.
– Bohr proposed that the electron could occupy only certain regions of space
– Bohr showed that the energy of an electron in a particular orbit is
En = – hc n2
where  is the Rydberg constant, h is the Planck’s constant, c is the speed of light, and n is a positive integer corresponding to the number assigned to the orbit.
n = 1 corresponds to the orbit closest to the nucleus and is the lowest in energy.
A hydrogen atom in this orbit is called the ground state, the most stable arrangement for a hydrogen atom.
As n increases, the radii of the orbit increases and the energy of that orbit becomes less negative.
A hydrogen atom with an electron in an orbit with n >1 is in an excited state — energy is higher than the energy of the ground state.
Decay is when an atom in an excited state undergoes a transition to the ground state — loses energy by emitting a photon whose energy corresponds to the difference in energy between the two states.

31. An unsatisfactory model for the hydrogen atom
According to classical physics, light
should be emitted as the electron
circles the nucleus. A loss of energy
would cause the electron to be drawn
closer to the nucleus and eventually
spiral into it.
Hill, Petrucci, General Chemistry An Integrated Approach 2nd Edition, page 294

32. Cartoon courtesy of NearingZero.net

33. Subatomic Particles Quarks component of protons & neutrons
6 types (flavors) He
3 quarks = 1 proton or 1 neutron
Courtesy Christy Johannesson