1. DNA Molecules DeoxyriboNucleic Acid Sugar = Deoxyribose
Double-stranded helix
ONLY in nucleus
Adenine – Thymine
Guanine - Cytosine

2. DNA Replication DNA is duplicated
DNA molecule is separated into 2 strands
Two new complimentary strands are produced
Original strands serve as templates to model for the new strands
In Nucleus!

3. How Does This Occur?
Polymerase – enzyme that speeds up the splitting processes
Produces a complimentary strand of DNA

4. RNA Molecules RiboNucleic Acid Sugar = ribose Single-stranded
Nucleus, cytoplasm, ribosomes
mRNA, rRNA, tRNA
Uracil replaces thymine
(A-U, C-G)

5. Transcription
Complimentary strand from DNA replication makes an mRNA (messenger)…
This is necessary to get the “message” out of the nucleus.
Uracil replaces thymine, so it can fit
mRNA travels out nucleus, through cytoplasm, and attaches to ribosome

6. Translation Every 3 nitrogen bases is a codon
tRNA comes in groups of 3, as well…this is the anti-codon
Each codon has a complimentary anti-codon found on a tRNA molecule…which has an amino acid attached to it.
The amino acid attached is determined by the nitrogen base sequence of the anti-codon
Use wheel on page 303 to help determine what anti-codon is responsible for each amino acid

7. Protein Synthesis Synthesis – “To Build Proteins”
Amino acids are the building blocks of all proteins
There are 20 amino acids that code for all genetic traits
Amino acids are held together by peptide bonds

8. Protein Synthesis (Con’t)
DNA Replication (Nucleus)
Transcription (Nucleus – cytoplasm)
Translation (ribosomes)